Skip to main content
Download PDF
  • Methods
  • Original Article
  • Published:

Investigation of stored wheat mycoflora, reporting theFusarium cf.langsethiae in three provinces of Iran during 2007

Annals of Microbiology volume 59, pages 383–390 (2009)Cite this article

Abstract

Wheat is the most important cereal produced in Iran. A mycological survey was carried out for the first time, on the stored wheat samples in Tehran, East Azarbayejan and Mazandaran provinces in 2007. Exogenous and endogenous fungi, were isolated by the method of flotation with Malachite green agar (MGA 0.25) and Freeze blotter techniques respectively. In this study, 46 species belonging to 23 different genera were isolated.Cladosporium spp. (57.1–89.2%) andAlternaria spp. (82.4–100%) species were the predominant fungal species identified as endogenous mycoflora. The predominant exogenous fungi werePenicillium spp. (78.4–92.8%) andAspergillus spp. (71.4–85.7%) species.Fusarium proliferatum was the most prevalent species ofFusarium isolates.Aspergillus niger (39.4%) andAspergillus flavus (36.7%) were the predominantAspergillus species identified as exogenous mycoflora.Aspergillus flavus (26.6%) was the predominantAspergillus species identified as endogenous mycoflora. Flotation method with MGA 0.25 recommended for isolating of hyaline fungi from wheat cereals. In this study one isolate fromFusarium species was isolated on the basis of morphology and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer classified asFusarium langsethiae but on the basis of partial translation elongation factor-1alpha gene grouped withFusarium sporotrichioides. To our knowledge, this is the first report aboutF. cf.langsethiae in Iran and Asia.

References

  • Abdullah N. (1998). Survey of fungal counts and natural occurrence of aflatoxins in Malaysian starch-based foods. Mycopathologia, 143 (1): 53–58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beasley V.R, Ed. (1989). Trichothecene Mycotoxicosis, Pathophysiologic Effects, Vols. 1 and 2, Boca Raton, CRC Press, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berghofer L.K., Hocking A.D., Miskelly D., Jansson E. (2003). Microbiology of wheat and flour milling in Australia. Int. J. Food. Microbiol., 85 (1–2): 137–149.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bottalico A., Perrone G. (2002). ToxigenicFusarium species and mycotoxins associated with head blight in small grains cereals in Europe. Eur. J. Plant. Pathol., 108: 611–624.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bragulat M.R., Martinez E., Castella G., Cabanes F.J. (2004). Selective efficacy of culture media recommended for isolation and enumeration ofFusarium spp. J. Food. Prot., 67 (1): 207–211.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carbone I., Anderson J.B., Kohn L.M. (1999). Patterns of descent in clonal lineages and their multilocus fingerprints are resolved with combined gene genealogies. Evolution, 53: 11–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castella G., Bragulat M.R., Rubiales M.V., Cabanes F.J. (1997a). Development of a selective culture medium forFusarium moniliforme. Microbiologia, 13 (4): 493–498.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castella G., Bragulat M.R., Rubiales M.V., Cabanes F.J. (1997b). Malachite green agar, a new selective medium forFusarium spp. Mycopathologia, 137: 173–178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi G.H., Marek E.T., Schardl C.L., Richey M.G., Chang S., Smith D.A. (1990). A stress-responsive gene inFusarium spp. J. Bacteriol., 72: 4522–4528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darvish Nia M., Alizadeh A., Mohammadi Goltapeh E., Zare R. (2006). Three newFusarium taxa isolated from gramineous plants in Iran. Rostaniha, 7: 147–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davari M., Didar-Taleshmkaeil R., Hajieghrari B. (2006). WheatFusarium head blight and identification of dominant species in Moghan area. Iran. Comm. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci., 71 (3 Pt B): 1139–1145.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farshadfar E., Ghasempour H., Vaezi H. (2008). Molecular aspects of drought tolerance in bread wheat (T. Aestivum). Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 11 (1): 118–122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FAO — Food and Agriculture Organization (2001). World Health Organization. Safety Evaluation of Certain Mycotoxins in Food. Food Additives, series 47.

  • Furlung E.B., Soares L.M., Lasca C.C., Kohara E.Y. (1995). Mycotoxins and fungi in wheat harvested during 1990 in test plots in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Mycopathologia, 131 (3): 185–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gelderblom W.C.A., Jaskiewicz K., Marasas W.F.O., Thiel P.G., Horak M.J., Vleggaar R., Kriek N.P.J. (1988). Fumonisins-novel mycotoxins with cancer promoting activity produced byFusarium moniliforme. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 54: 1806–1811.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghiasian S.A., Kord-Bacheh P., Rezayat S.M., Maghsood A.H., Taherkhani H. (2004). Mycoflora of Iranian maize harvested in the main production areas in 2000. Mycopathologia, 158: 113–121.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghiasian S.A., Rezayat S.M., Kord-Bacheh P., Maghsood A.H., Yazdanpanah H., Shephard G.S. et al. (2005). Fumonisin production byFusarium species isolated from freshly harvested corn in Iran. Mycopathologia, 159: 31–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • González H.H.L., Molto G.A., Pacin A., Resnik S.L., Zelaya M.J., Masana M., Martínez E.J. (2008). Trichothecenes and mycoflora in wheat harvested in nine location in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Mycopathologia, 165: 105–114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halt M. (1994).Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1 in flour production. Eur. J. Epidemiol., 10 (5): 555–558.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haratian M., Sharifnabi B., Alizadeh A., Safaie N. (2008). PCR analysis of the Tri13 gene to determine the genetic potential ofFusarium graminearum isolates from Iran to produce nivalenol and deoxynivalenol. Mycopathologia, 166 (2):109–116.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hedayati M.T., Mohammad pour R.A. (2005). Prevalence ofAspergillus flavus and aflatoxins in stored wheat samples in Mazandaran province. Behbood., 9: 52–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hormozdiari H., Day N.E., Aramesh B., Mahboubi E. (1975). Dietary factors and esophageal cancer in the Caspian littoral of Iran. Cancer. Res., 35: 3493–3498.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IARC (1993). Toxins derived fromFusarium moniliforme: fumonisins B1 and B2 and Fusarin C. In: Some Naturally Occurring Substances: Food Items and Constituents, Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and Mycotoxins, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 56, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, pp. 445–466.

    Google Scholar 

  • Infantino A., Pucci N., Conca G., Santori A. (2007). First Report ofFusarium langsethiae on Durum Wheat Kernels in Italy. Plant Dis., 91: 1362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson L.S., DeVries J.W., Bullerman L.B. (1996). Fumonisins in Food. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Vol. 392, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klich M. (2003). Identification of CommonAspergillus Species. Centraalbureeau voor Schimmelculture, Utrech, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knutsen A.K., Torp M., Holst-Jensen A. (2004). Phylogenetic analyses of theFusarium poae, F. sporotrichioides andF. Langsethiae species complex based on partial sequences of the translation elongation factor-1 alpha gene. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 95: 287–295.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kristensen R., Torp M., Kosiak B., Holst-Jensen A. (2005). Phylogeny and toxigenic potential is correlated inFusarium species as revealed by partial translation elongation factor 1 alpha gene sequences. Mycol. Res., 109 (Pt 2): 173–186.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krysinska-Traczyk E., Perkowski J., Kostecki M., Dutkhewcz J., Kjecana I. (2003). Filamentous fungi and mycotoxins as potential occupational risk factors among farmers harvesting various crops. Med. Pr., 54 (2): 133–138.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kulik T., Fordoński G., Pszczółkowska A., Płodzien K., Łapiński M. (2004). Development of PCR assay based on ITS2 rDNA polymorphism for the detection and differentiation ofFusarium sporotrichioides. FEMS Microbio. Lett., 239: 181–186.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lacey J. (1988). The microbiology of cereal grains from area of Iran with a high incidence of esophageal cancer. J. Stored Prod. Res., 24: 39–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leslie J.F., B.A. Summerell. (2006). TheFusarium Laboratory Manual, Blackwell Publishing.

  • Lukanowski A., Lenc L., Sadowski C. (2008). First report on the occurrence ofFusarium langsethiae isolated from Kernels in poland. Plant Dis., 92 (3): 488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marasas W.F.O. (1995). Fumonisins, their implications for human and animal health. Natural Toxins, 3: 193–198.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathur S.B., Kongsdal O. (2003). Common Laboratory Seed Health Testing Methods for Detecting Fungi, 1st edn., International Seed Testing Association, Copenhagen, Denmark.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moosawi-Jorf S.A., Farrokhi-Nejad R., Azimi S., Afarin S. (2007). Study of Fusarium Head Blight of wheat in Khuzestan Province in Iran and reporting ofFusarium Xylaroides as a new causal agents for disease. J. Agron., 6 (1): 212–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson P.E., Toussoun T.A., Marasas W.F.O. (1983).Fusarium Species: An Illustrated Manual for Identification. The Pennsylvania State University Park, Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Donnell K., Kistler H.C., Cigelnik E., Ploetz R.C. (1998). Multiple evolutionary origins of the fungus causing Panama disease of banana: concordant evidence from nuclear and mitochondrial gene genealogies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 95: 2044–2049.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petzinger E., Weindenbach A. (2002). Mycotoxins in the food chain, the role of ochratoxins. Livest. Prod. Sci., 76: 245–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pitt J.I., Hocking A.D. (1997). Fungi and Food Spoilage., Blackie Academic & Professional, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prelusky D.B., Rotter B.A., Rotter R.G. (1994). Toxicology of mycotoxins. In: Miller J.D., Trenholm H.L., Eds, Mycotoxins in Grain, Compounds Other than Aflatoxin. Eagan Press, St. Paul, MN, pp. 359–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raper K.B., Fennell D.I. (1973). The GenusAspergillus, Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company. New York, pp. 10–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rezaie S., Ban J., Mildner M., Poitschek C., Brna C., Tschachler E. (2000). Characterization of a cDNA clone, encoding a 70 kDa heat shock protein from the dermatophyte pathogenTrichophyton rubrum. Gene, 241: 27–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rezayat S.M., Hosseini S.R., Shariatpanahi S.M., Ghorbani A., Yazdanpanah H. (1996). Identification of trichothecene mycotoxins produced by various IranianFusarium species. IX International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Rome, Italy, p. 310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riba A., Mokrane S., Mathieu F., Lebrihib A., Sabaou N. (2008). Mycoflora and ochratoxin A producing strains ofAspergillus in Algerian wheat. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 122: 85–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saberi-Riseh R., Javan-Nikkhah M., Heidarian R., Hosseini S., Soleimani P. (2004). Detection of fungal infectious agent of wheat grains in store-pits of Markazi province, Iran. Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci., 69 (4): 541–544.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saremi H., Okhovvat S.M. (2006). Mycotoxin producingFusarium species associated with plant disease on potato, wheat, corn and animal diseases in northwest Iran. Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci., 71 (3 Pt B): 1175–1185.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh D.V., Mathur S.B., Neergaard P. (1974). Seed health testing of maize. Evaluation of testing techniques with particular reference toDrechslera maydis. Seed Sci. Technol., 2: 349–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith C.D., Furcolow M.L. (1964). Efficiency of three techniques for isolatingHistoplasma capsulatum from soil including a new flotation method. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 64: 342–348.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torp M., Adler A. (2004). The EuropeanSporotrichiella project: a polyphasic approach to the biology of a newFusarium species. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 95 (3): 241–245.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torp M., Langseth W. (1999). Production of T-2 toxin by aFusarium resemblingFusarium poae. Mycopathology, 147: 89–96.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torp M., Nirenberg H.I. (2004).Fusarium langsethiae sp. nov. on cereals in Europe. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 95: 247–256.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vanittanakom N., Mekaprateep M., Sriburee P., Vanittanakom P., Khanjanasthiti P. (1995). Efficiency of the flotation method in the isolation ofPenicillium marneffei from seeded soil. J. Med. Vet. Mycol., 33: 271–273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker S.L., Leath S., Hagler W.M., Murphy J. (2001). Variation among isolates ofFusarium graminearum associated with Fusarium Head Blight in North Carolina. Plant Dis., 85: 404–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weidenboner M., Berleth M., Kramer J., Kunzeb B. (1997). Mold spectrum of four cereal brands of the German crop 1995. Nahrung, 41 (3): 139–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White T.J., Bruns T., Lee S., Taylor J.W. (1990). Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis M.A., Gelfan D.H.D., Sninsky J.J., White T.J., Eds, PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, New York, pp. 315–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiese M.V. (1987). Compendium of wheat diseases, 2nd edn., APS Press, St. Paul, MN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson A., Simpson D., Chandler E., Jennings P., Nicholson P. (2004). Development of PCR assays for the detection and differentiation ofFusarium sporotrichioides andFusarium langsethiae. FEMS. Microbiol. Lett., 233: 69–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zamani-Zadeh H.R. (1996). Production of moniliformin byFusarium species isolated from maize and rice seeds in Mazandaran province. J. Agric. Sci. Islam. Azad., 2: 2–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zamani-Zadeh H.R., Khorsandi H. (1995). Occurrence ofFusarium species and their mycotoxins in wheat in Mazandaran province. Iran. J. Plant Pathol., 31: 12–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zare R., Ershad D. (1997).Fusarium species isolated from cereals in Gorgan area, Iran. J. Plant. Pathol., 33: 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran

    Reza Kachuei & Mohammad Hossein Yadegari

  2. Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran

    Sasan Rezaie, Farideh Zaini & Fatemeh Khanezad Yazdi

  3. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran

    Abdolamir Allameh

  4. Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

    Naser Safaie

Authors
  1. Reza Kachuei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohammad Hossein Yadegari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sasan Rezaie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Abdolamir Allameh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Naser Safaie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Farideh Zaini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Fatemeh Khanezad Yazdi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohammad Hossein Yadegari.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kachuei, R., Mohammad Hossein, Y., Sasan, R. et al. Investigation of stored wheat mycoflora, reporting theFusarium cf.langsethiae in three provinces of Iran during 2007. Ann. Microbiol. 59, 383–390 (2009). https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1007/BF03178344

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1007/BF03178344

Key words

Annals of Microbiology

ISSN: 1869-2044

Contact us