1887

Abstract

Community-acquired meticillin-resistant (CA-MRSA) occurring among hospital isolates in Malaysia has not been reported previously. As CA-MRSA reported worldwide has been shown to carry SCC types IV and V, the aim of this study was to determine the SCC types of MRSA strains collected in Malaysia from November 2006 to June 2008. From a total of 628 MRSA isolates, 20 were SCC type IV, whilst the rest were type III. Further characterization of SCC type IV strains revealed 11 sequence types (STs), including ST22, with the majority being ST30/Panton–Valentine leukocidin positive. Eight out of nine CA-MRSA were ST30, one was ST80, and all were sensitive to co-trimoxazole and gentamicin. Five new STs designated ST1284, ST1285, ST1286, ST1287 and ST1288 were discovered, suggesting the emergence of novel clones of MRSA circulating in Malaysian hospitals. The discovery of the ST22 strain is a cause for concern because of its ability to replace existing predominant clones in certain geographical regions.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.011353-0
2009-09-01
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jmm/58/9/1213.html?itemId=/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.011353-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Aires de Sousa M., de Lencastre H. 2003; Evolution of sporadic isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospitals and their similarities to isolates of community-acquired MRSA. J Clin Microbiol 41:3806–3815 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Aires de Sousa M., Sanches I. S., Ferro M. L., Vaz M. J., Saraiva Z., Tendeiro T., Serra J., de Lencastre H. 1998; Intercontinental spread of a multidrug-resistant methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus clone. J Clin Microbiol 36:2590–2596
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Amorim M. L., Faria N. A., Oliviera D. C., Vasconcelos C., Cabeda J. C., Mendes A. C., Calado E., Castro A. P., Ramos M. H. other authors 2007; Changes in the clone nature and antibiotic resistance profiles of methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with spread of the EMRSA-15 clone in a tertiary care Portuguese hospital. J Clin Microbiol 45:2881–2888 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Berglund C., Mölling P., Sjöberg L., Söderquist B. 2005; Predominance of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCC mec ) type IV among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a Swedish county and presence of unknown SCC mec types with Panton–Valentine leukocidin genes. Clin Microbiol Infect 11:447–456 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Berglund C., Ito T., Ikeda M., Ma X. X., Söderquist B., Hiramatsu K. 2008; Novel type of staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec in a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain isolated in Sweden. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:3512–3516 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Boyle-Vavra S., Ereshefsky B., Wang C. C., Robert S., Daum R. S. 2005; Successful multiresistant community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineage from Taipei, Taiwan, that carries either the novel staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCC mec ) type VT or SCC mec type IV. J Clin Microbiol 43:4719–4730 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. CDC 1999; Four paediatric deaths from community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus – Minnesota and North Dakota 1997–1999. MMWR 48:707–710
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Chongtrakool P., Ito T., Ma X.X., Kondo Y., Trakulsomboon S., Tiensasitorn C., Jamklang M., Chavalit T., Song J.-H., Hiramatsu K. 2006; Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCC mec ) typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in 11 Asian countries: a proposal for a new nomenclature for SCC mec elements. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:1001–1012 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Coombs G. W., Nimmo G. R., Bell J. M., Huygens F., O'Brien F. G., Malkowski M. J., Pearson J. C., Stephens A. J., Giffard P. M. 2004; Genetic diversity among community methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains causing outpatient infections in Australia. J Clin Microbiol 42:4735–4743 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Denis O., Deplano A., De Beenhouwer H., Hallin M., Huysmans G., Garrino M. G., Glupczynski Y., Malaviolle X., Vergison A., Struelens M. I. 2005; Polyclonal emergence and importation of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains harbouring Panton–Valentine leucocidin genes in Belgium. J Antimicrob Chemother 56:1103–1106 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Dickson R. P., Martinez S. M., Ortiz J. R. 2008; A case of rapidly progressive necrotizing pneumonia caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . Respir Care 53:1223–1226
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Enright M. C., Day N. P. J., Davies C. E., Peacock S. J., Spratt B. G. 2000; Multilocus sequence typing for characterization of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible clones of Staphylococcus aureus . J Clin Microbiol 38:1008–1015
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Hanssen A. M., Fossum A., Mikalsen J., Halvorsen D. S., Bukholm G., Ericson Sollid J. U. 2005; Dissemination of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in Northern Norway: sequence types 8 and 80 predominate. J Clin Microbiol 43:2118–2124 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Heym B., Le Moal M., Armand-Lefevre L., Nicholas-Chanoine M. H. 2002; Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) shows that the ‘Iberian’ clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has spread to France and acquired reduced susceptibility to teicoplanin. J Antimicrob Chemother 50:323–329 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Hsu L. Y., Koh Y. L., Chlebicka N. L., Tan T. Y., Krishnan P., Lin R. T., Tee N., Barkham T., Koh T. H. 2006; Establishment of ST30 as the predominant clonal type among community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated in Singapore. J Clin Microbiol 44:1090–1093 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Huang Y. H., Tseng S. P., Hu J. M., Tsai J. C., Hsueh P. R., Teng L. J. 2007; Clonal spread of SCC mec type IV methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus between community and hospital. Clin Microbiol Infect 13:717–724 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Ito T., Ma X. X., Takeuchi F., Okuma K., Yuzawa H., Hiramatsu K. 2004; Novel type V staphylococcal cassette chromosome recombinase, ccrC . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:2637–2651 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Karahan Z. C., Tekeli A., Adaleti R., Koyuncu E., Dolapci I., Akan O. A. 2008; Investigation of Panton–Valentine leukocidin genes and SCC mec types in clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Turkey. Microb Drug Resist 14:203–210 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Ko K. S., Lee J. Y., Suh J. Y., Oh W. S., Peck K. R., Lee N. Y., Song J. H. 2005a; Distribution of major genotypes among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in Asian countries. J Clin Microbiol 43:421–426 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Ko K. S., Kim Y. S., Song J. H., Yeom J. S., Lee H., Jung S. I., Jeong D. R., Kim S. W., Chang H. H. other authors 2005b; Genotypic diversity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Korean hospitals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:3583–3585 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Lim T. T., Chong F. N., O'Brien F. G., Grubb W. B. 2003; Are all community methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus related? A comparison of their mec regions. Pathology 35:336–343
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Lina G., Pièmont Y., Godail-Gamot F., Bes M., Peter M., Gauduchon V., Vandenesch F., Etienne J. 1999; Involvement of Panton–Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus in primary skin infections and pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 29:1128–1132 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Lindenmayer J. M., Schoenfeld S., O'Grady R., Carney J. K. 1998; Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a high school wrestling team and the surrounding community. Arch Intern Med 158:895–899 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Ma X. X., Ito T., Tiensasitorn C., Jamklang M., Chongtrakool P., Boyle-Vavra S., Daum R., Hiramatsu K. 2002; Novel type of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec identified in community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:1147–1152 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Ma X. X., Ito T., Chongtrakool P., Hiramatsu K. 2006; Predominance of clones carrying Panton–Valentine leukocidin genes among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in Japanese hospitals from 1979 to 1985. J Clin Microbiol 44:4515–4527 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Maguire G. P., Arthur A. D., Boustead P. J., Dwyer B., Currie B. J. 1996; Emerging epidemic of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in the Northern Territory. Med J Aust 164:721–723
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Melter O., Urbáśková P., Jakubů V., Macková B., Źemlicková H. 2006; Emergence of EMRSA-15 clone in hospitals throughout the Czech Republic. Euro Surveill 11:E060803–6
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Millar B. C., Loughrey A., Elborn J. S., Moore J. E. 2007; Proposed definitions of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). J Hosp Infect 67:109–113 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Ministry of Health 2007 National Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistance Report Malaysia: Ministry of Health; http://www.imr.gov.my/report/SUMMARY%20OF%20ANTIBIOTIC%20RESISTANCE%202007.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Nathwani D., Morgan M., Masterton R. G., Dryden M., Cookson B. D., French G., Lewis D. 2008; Guidelines for UK practice for the diagnosis and management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections presenting in the community. J Antimicrob Chemother 61:976–994 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Oliveira D. C., Milheiriço C., de Lencastre H. 2006; Redefining a structural variant of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec , SCC mec type VI. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:3457–3459 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Otter J. A., French G. L. 2008; The emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at a London teaching hospital, 2000–2006. Clin Microbiol Infect 14:670–676 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Toma E., Barriault D. 1995; Antimicrobial activity of fusidic acid and disk diffusion susceptibility testing criteria for Gram-positive cocci. J Clin Microbiol 33:1712–1715
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Vandenesch F., Naimi T., Enright M. C., Lina G., Nimmo G. R., Heffernan H., Liassine N., Bes M., Greenland T. other authors 2003; Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying Panton–Valentine leukocidin genes: worldwide emergence. Emerg Infect Dis 9:978–984 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Wang C. C., Lo W. T., Chu M. L., Siu L. K. 2004; Epidemiological typing of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from children in Taiwan. Clin Infect Dis 39:481–487 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Witte W., Enright M., Schmitz F. J., Cuny C., Braulke C., Heuck D. 2001; Characteristics of a new epidemic MRSA in Germany ancestral to United Kingdom EMRSA-15. Int J Med Microbiol 290:677–682 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.011353-0
Loading
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.011353-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error