The nematic–to–smectic-A transition in liquid crystals is analogous to the normal to superconducting transition in metals with the Frank director n in liquid crystals playing the role of the vector potential A in metals. The liquid-crystal analog of an external magnetic field is a field, arising, for example, from molecular chirality, leading to a nonzero ∇×n in the equilibrium nematic phase. The cholesteric (twisted nematic) phase is the analog of a normal metal in an external magnetic field. In type-II superconductors in an external magnetic field, the Abrikosov flux lattice phase with partial flux penetration intervenes between the low-temperature Meissner phase and the high-temperature normal-metal phase. In this paper we study the analog in liquid crystals containing chiral molecules of the Abrikosov phase in superconductors. Using a covariant form of the de Gennes free energy, we find that in mean-field theory a state, which we call the twist-grain-boundary (TGB) state, with regularly spaced grain boundaries consisting of parallel screw dislocations, intervenes between the smectic and cholesteric phases. We calculate the liquid-crystal analogs of the upper and lower critical fields $H_{c2}$ and $H_{c1}$. The properties of the TGB phase depend on the angle 2πα between axes of dislocations in adjacent grain boundaries. α can be rational or irrational. When α=p/q for mutually prime integers p and q, the TGB state has a q-fold screw axis and quasicrystalline symmetry for crystallographically forbidden q. Our calculations ignore exponentially small terms favoring lock in at rational α. We calculate the x-ray scattering intensities in the cholesteric phase near the TGB phase boundary and in the TGB phase for rational and irrational α. We also discuss experimental difficulties in observing the TGB state and the possible effects fluctuations not included in mean-field theory might have on its existence.

• Received 7 March 1988

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.38.2132