Figures
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs which can function as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes in human cancers. Emerging evidence reveals that deregulation of miRNAs contributes to the human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the present study, we demonstrated that the expression levels of miR-132 were dramatically decreased in examined NSCLC cell lines and clinical NSCLC tissue samples. Then, we found that introduction of miR-132 significantly suppressed the migration and invasion of lung cancer cells in vitro, suggesting that miR-132 may be a novel tumor suppressor. Further studies indicated that the EMT-related transcription factor ZEB2 was one direct target genes of miR-132, evidenced by the direct binding of miR-132 with the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of ZEB2. Further, miR-132 could decrease the expression of ZEB2 at the levels of mRNA and protein. Notably, the EMT marker E-cadherin or vimentin, a downstream of ZEB2, was also down-regulated or up-regulated upon miR-132 treatment. Additionally, over-expressing or silencing ZEB2 was able to elevate or inhibit the migration and invasion of lung cancer cells, parallel to the effect of miR-132 on the lung cancer cells. Meanwhile, knockdown of ZEB2 reversed the enhanced migration and invasion mediated by anti-miR-132. These results indicate that miR-132 suppresses the migration and invasion of NSCLC cells through targeting ZEB2 involving the EMT process. Thus, our finding provides new insight into the mechanism of NSCLC progression. Therapeutically, miR-132 may serve as a potential target in the treatment of human lung cancer.
Citation: You J, Li Y, Fang N, Liu B, Zu L, Chang R, et al. (2014) MiR-132 Suppresses the Migration and Invasion of Lung Cancer Cells via Targeting the EMT Regulator ZEB2. PLoS ONE 9(3): e91827. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091827
Editor: Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
Received: September 19, 2013; Accepted: February 15, 2014; Published: March 13, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 You et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This study was partly supported by the grants from the Key Project from National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81000950), National 863 Program (No.2012AA02A201, No.2012AA02A502), National 973 Program (No.2010CB529405), Tianjin Scientific Innovation System Program (No.07SYSYSF05000, No.07SYSYJC27900), China-Sweden Cooperative Foundation (No.09ZCZDSF04100), and Major Project of Tianjin Sci-Tech Support Program (No.06YFSZSF05300). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Lung cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and majority of lung cancers are the non- small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which comprises approximately 80% of all lung cancers [1]. Patients harboring NSCLC are frequently diagnosed as an advanced stage, suffering by metastatically or locally advanced diseases, making nearly 90% of lung cancer patients die of metastasis [2]. Although great efforts and progressions have been made in the study of the lung cancer in recent decades, the molecular mechanism of lung cancer metastasis remains elusive.
The microRNA (miRNA) is a class of small, non-coding RNAs with approximately 19–25 nucleotides. It negatively regulates gene expression at post-transcription level by interacting with the 3′ untranslated regions (3′- UTRs) of target mRNAs [3], [4]. MiRNAs are phylogenetically conserved and play crucial roles in a number of biological processes including development, differentiation, apoptosis, metabolism, immunity and tumor progress [5], [6]. Also, increasing evidence indicates microRNAs can modulate tumor initiation and progression and function in tumor cell invasion and metastasis [7], [8], [9], [10]. Previous studies have documented the roles of miR-132 in regulating the differentiation of dopamine neurons [11] and activating the endothelium to facilitate pathological angiogenesis [12]. In the tumorigenesis, it is reported that downregulation of miR-132 contributes to pancreatic cancer development [13]. However, the potential role of miR-132 in lung cancer progression has still not been documented.
ZEB2/SIP1 is a member of the deltaEF-1 family of two-handed zinc-finger factors and play vital roles in the development of a variety of cancers, such as gastric, ovarian, squamous and non-small cell lung carcinomas [14], [15]. ZEB2 specifically suppress the expression of E-cadherin through binding to CACCT(G) motif in the E-cadherin promoter during epithelial- mesenchymal transition (EMT) [16], [17]. Besides E-cadherin, other genes like plakophilin 2 and ZO-3 which involve epithelial cell-cell junctions are also repressed by ZEB2 [18]. Recently, ZEB2 is reported to transcriptionally up-regulate vimentin via cooperation with Sp1 during EMT [19].
In the present study, we sought to investigate the putative role of miR-132 in metastasis of NSCLC. We found that miR-132 is down-regulated in metastatic lung cancer cell lines and clinical tissue samples, suggesting that miR-132 might act as a tumor suppressor. We identified that the EMT regulator ZEB2 is one of direct target genes of miR-132. MiR-132 is able to inhibit EMT and metastasis of NSCLC cells through paralyzing the function of ZEB2.
Materials and Methods
Ethics Statement
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Medical University, China, and written informed consents were obtained from all studied patients.
Cell Lines and Clinical Specimens
The sub-cell lines, high- metastatic L9981 and low- metastatic NL9980, were isolated and established from a human lung large cell carcinoma cell line [20]. The high- metastatic 95D and low- metastatic 95C were sublines of human giant-cell lung carcinoma cell line [21]. The NSCLC cell line YTMLC-9 [22], [23] was established in our institute. These cell lines were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% calf serum (Invitrogen, USA), 100 IU/ml penicillin and 100 IU/ml streptomycin. The NSCLC cell line A549, purchased from the American Tissue Culture Collection (ATCC), cultured in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 U/mL streptomycin. These cell lines were grown at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2. For the transfections, cells were grown to 70% confluence and transfected with plasmids using Lipofectamine2000 (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s recommendation.
A total of 90 cases of NSCLC specimens were obtained from General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University. All 90 patients hadn’t received radiation therapy or chemotherapy prior to the surgery. Tissue samples for use were stored in liquid nitrogen. The TNM staging system of the UICC (1997) was used to classify the specimens and the survival times which were calculated from the operation day to death via the evaluation of recurrence and metastasis until the last follow-up date. The following-up of the surviving patients averaged 32.55 months and ranged from 1 to 96 months. The study has been approved by hospital ethical committee. Clinicopathological information of the patients about age, tumor size, histological type, differentiation, stage and lymph node metastasis was obtained from patient records, which were summarized in Table 1.
Reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR), Quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) and Werstern Blot Assay
Total RNA extracted by the mirVana Kit (Applied Biosystems, CA) was reversely transcribed to cDNA with the stem-loop reverse transcription primer for miRNA detection. Reverse transcription of miR-132 and internal control U6 was performed using Reverse Transcriptase M-MLV (Takara, Japan). The qRT- PCR was performed using SYBR Premix Ex Taq (Takara) following the protocol using a preheated real-time instrument (Invitrogen). All primers were shown in Table S1. Three independent experiments were conducted to analyze relative gene expressions and each sample was tested in triplicate. Ct values were used to calculate the expression of RNA levels. The amount of target gene expression (2−ΔΔCt) was normalized using U6 reference.
Plasmid Constructions
Genomic sequence of human miR-132, including ∼200 bp flanking sequence, was amplified from human genome, then inserted into the BamHI/EcoRI site of the pcDNA3.1 vector (Invitrogen), named as pcDNA3.1-miR-132. The full-length 3′untranslated region (3′UTR) of ZEB2 was amplified from human genomic DNA, and was cloned into the downstream of the firefly luciferase coding region of pMIR-GLOTM Luciferase vector (Promega, USA). The recombined vector was named as pMIR-ZEB2. Mutations of miR-132 binding sites were introduced by site-directed mutagenesis and the resulted vector was named pMIR-ZEB2-Mut. Primers used for the constructions were listed in Table S1. All the constructions were confirmed by sequencing.
Antibodies and siRNAs
Primary antibodies used in Western blot were rabbit anti-ZEB2 (Santa Cruz, USA), anti-E-cadherin (Santa Cruz), anti-vimentin (Santa Cruz) and mouse anti-β-actin (Sigma, Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). β-actin was used for normalization. The small interfering RNAs (siRNA) targeting human ZEB2 mRNA, negative control siRNA (siControl), miR-132 inhibitor (anti-miR-132), and inhibitor negative control (anti-miR-NC) were purchased from Ruibobio (Guangzhou, China). All oligonucleotide sequences are listed in Table S1.
Cell Migration and Invasion Assays
Wound healing assay was performed to analyze the cell migration as described previously [24]. Boyden chamber assays were used to examine cell invasion capability. Cells were transfected with 1 µg of pcDNA3.1 or pcDNA3.1-miR-132 vector. Sixteen hours later, transfected cells were trypsinized and resuspended. 1.0×105 cells in 300 µl culture medium were placed into the upper chambers (Millipore). The lower chambers were filled with 500 µl complete medium with 10% FBS. After incubation for 12 h at 37°C, non-invading cells were removed from the top of the chamber with a cotton swab. The migratory cells on the lower surface of the inserts were fixed and stained with 0.1% crystal violet, and five random fields for each insert were counted at 100×magnifications.
Luciferase Reporter Gene Assay
Adherent cells were seeded into 24-well plates and co-transfected with 200 ng of pMIR-ZEB2 or pMIR-ZEB2-Mut vector and 80 ng of pcDNA3.1-miR-132 vector or pcDNA 3.1 empty vectors, and the pRL-TK plasmid (Promega, Madison, WI) which is used as internal normalization. Cells were harvested after 36 hr and lysed using the lysis buffer (Promega). Luciferase reporter gene assay was implemented using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. All experiments were performed at least three times.
Results
MiR-132 is Frequently Down-regulated in Highly Metastatic Lung Cancer Cells and Tissue Specimens
We evaluated the expression of miR-132 by qRT-PCR in several NSCLC cell lines with distinct metastatic capacities. We found that miR-132 levels exhibited a varying pattern in these cell lines. Notably, the expression of miR-132 in highly metastatic L9981 and 95D cells was dramatically diminished, relative to that in the corresponding poorly metastatic NL9980 or 95C cell lines, respectively (Figure 1A). Further, we detected miR-132 expression in 45 paired clinical primary lung cancer tissue and metastatic lymph node cancer tissue samples. Compared to their primary counterparts, the lymph metastatic tissue samples harbored a significant lower miR-132 levels (Figure 1B, P<0.001, student’s t-test). Also, the analysis on clinicopathological features of patients with NSCLC showed that expression of miR-132 had a significant correlation with lymph node status (Table 1, P = 0.011). These data indicate that the reduced expression of miR-132 is a frequent event in highly metastatic NSCLC cells and tissues, which may be involved in the metastasis of human lung cancer cells.
(A) The relative mRNA levels of miR-132 were detected by qRT-PCR and normalized against an endogenous control (U6 RNA) in several lung cancer cell lines with distinct metastatic ability. Data are reported as mean ±SD for three independent experiments (**P<0.01, Student’s t- test). (B) qRT-PCR analysis of miR-132 expression in 45 pairs of primary NSCLC tissues and their corresponding lymph node metastases. MiR-132 expression in those two types of tissues was compared by way of Wilcoxon signed-rank test (***P<0.001, Student’s t- test).
MiR-132 is Able to Inhibit the Migration and Invasion of NSCLC Cells in vitro
Next, we tested the functional significance of miR-132 in NSCLC cells. Wound healing assay showed that the ectopic expression of miR-132 in L9981 or A549 lung cancer cells significantly inhibited cell migration, compared to the control group (Figure 2A). Additionally, we performed the Boyden chamber assay to investigate the effect of miR-132 on cell invasion. As shown in Figure 2B and 2C, when transfected with pcDNA3.1-miR-132 plasmids, the invasion ability of A549 cells exhibited an over-3 fold decrease, compared to the control group. However, the cells showed an increased invasion upon the treatment of miR-132 inhibitor (Figure 2B, 2C). In addition, parallel results were observed in 95D and L9981 cell lines (Figure 2C). Taken together, the data strongly suggest that miR-132 is able to suppress the migration and invasion of NSCLC cells in vitro.
(A) The wound healing or was used to detected the migration ability of L9981 and A549 cells, respectively. (B, C) Boyden chamber assay was employed to examine the invasion ability of 95D, L9981, and A549 cells, respectively. The results were from three independent experiments (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, Student’s t- test). The migratory cell number in each group was normalized to the control. Cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1 (NC) or pcDNA3.1-miR-132 (miR-132) constructs, and miR-132 inhibitor (anti-miR-132) or inhibitor control (anti-miR-NC). The migratory A549 cells in lower chambers from one experiment were shown in B.
MiR-132 Directly Inhibits the Expression of ZEB2 through its 3′UTR and Regulates the EMT of NSCLC Cells
To detect the molecular mechanism by which miR-132 suppresses the metastasis of lung cancer cells, we predicted the putative target genes of miR-132 in human cells using the tool miRanda, PicTar and TargetScans. Among the predicted candidates, ZEB2 was of interest in this study, considering the crucial roles of ZEB2 in the development of human cancers [14], [15]. To test whether miR-132 directly targets ZEB2 (Figure 3A), the wild type or mutant 3′ UTR sequence of ZEB2 was cloned into pMIR reporter vector, respectively, as shown in Figure 3B. The luciferase activity of pMIR- ZEB2 3′ UTR-wt construct was significantly decreased upon the over-expression of miR-132 in NL9980 cells, whereas its mutant counterpart was not (Figure 3C). Of note, the mRNA or protein levels of ZEB2 in L9981 or 95D cells were dramatically reduced by miR-132, respectively (Figure 3D, 3E, and 3F). It is reported that ZEB2 is a vital EMT inducer through suppressing E-cadherin or inducing vimentin expression in human cancer [16], [19]. To further confirm that ZEB2 acts as a target of miR-132, we examine the effect of miR-132 on those two downstream effectors of ZEB2 by Western blot. As shown in Figure 3E and 3F, the EMT maker E-cadherin or vimentin was dramatically up-regulated or down-regulated upon the overexpression of miR-132 in both L9981 and 95D cells. Taken together, these data indicate that miR-132 directly inhibits ZEB2 expression via targeting its 3′ UTR and induces EMT of NSCLC cells.
(A) The miR-132 binding site predicted in the 3′UTR of ZEB2 mRNA. (B) Mutant was generated at the seed region of ZEB2 3′ UTR as indicated by the underline. A 3′ UTR fragment of ZEB2 mRNA containing wild-type or mutant of the miR-132 binding sequence was cloned into the downstream of the luciferase gene in pMIR vector. (C) L9981 cells were transfected with pMIR reporter vectors containing either wild-type or mutant ZEB2 3′UTR (indicated as pMIR-ZEB2-3′ UTR-wt and pMIR-ZEB2-3′ UTR-mut) with either pcDNA3.1 (indicated as NC) or pcDNA3.1-miR-132 vector (indicated as miR-132). Luciferase activity was determined 48 h after transfection. (D) ZEB2 mRNA was detected by qRT-PCR in cell lines transfected with pcDNA3.1 (indicated as NC) or pcDNA3.1-miR-132 vector (indicated as miR-132). (E, F) The protein levels of ZEB2, E-cadherin or vimentin was examined by Western blot in cells transfected with different plasmids. Figure F shows the relative gray values of each band (normalized to β-actin). Protein bands from three independent Western blot assays were quantified using Quantity One software (Bio-Rad, USA). Data are reported as mean ±SD (**P<0.01, Student’s t- test).
ZEB2 Contributes to miR-132- Suppressed Migration and Invasion of NSCLC Cells
Then, we examined the mRNA or protein expression of ZEB2 in several NSCLC cells, as well as 45 cases of primary lung cancer tissues and metastatic lymph node tissues. The data revealed that the protein level of ZEB2 in the highly metastatic L9981 or 95D cells was markedly up-regulated, compared to the poorly metastatic NL9980 or 95C cells, respectively (Figure 4A). Also, the same result about the mRNA levels of ZEB2 was observed in metastatic lymph node tissues, relative to the primary lung cancer tissues (Figure 4B). Of note, the expression of ZEB2 displayed a reverse correlation with miR-132 level in NSCLC tissues (Figure 4C). Next, we investigated whether ZEB2 is instrumental to the migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. Ectopic expression of ZEB2 in NL9980 or 95C cells significantly enhanced cell invasion (Figure 4D), however, silencing ZEB2 by siRNAs in L9981 cells resulted in decreased migration and invasion ability of the cells (Figure 4E, 4F), revealing its positive roles in the contribution of NSCLC cell migration and invasion. Meanwhile, the transfecting or silencing efficiency of ZEB2 in the cells was detected by Western blot (Figure 4D and 4F, lower). Then, we accessed whether the functional effect of miR-132 on NSCLC cells was dependent on ZEB2. As shown in Figure 4G and 4H, introduction of anti-miR-132 into NL9980 cells led to an increase of cell migration and invasion, whereas silence of ZEB2 by siRNAs partially abolished the enhancement. In parallel, the protein level of ZEB2 was confirmed by Western blot (Figure 4H, lower). Collectively, these results suggested that ZEB2 functions as a target of miR-132, responsible for miR-132-mediated regulation of the migration and invasion of NSCLC cells.
(A) The expression of ZEB2 was examined by Western blot in NSCLC cells. (B) The relative mRNA levels of ZEB2 were detected in 45 paired NSCLC primary tumor tissues and their lymph node metastasis counterparts. ZEB2 expression in those tissues was compared by way of Wilcoxon signed-rank test (***P<0.001, Student’s t- test). (C) Inverse correlation between miR-132 and ZEB2 expression in NSCLC tissues. ZEB2 expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR and normalized to GAPDH. The miR-132 expression was detected by qRT-PCR analysis and normalized to U6 expression. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r = −0.68, ***P<0.001). (D) The cell invasion was detected by Boyden chamber assay in NL9980 or 95C cells transfected with pCMV or pCMV-ZEB2 vectors, respectively. (E, F) The effect of ZEB2 knockdown on the cell migration or invasion was assessed by wound healing or Boyden chamber assay, respectively (**P<0.01, Student’s t- test). Additionally, the silencing efficiency of ZEB2 by siRNA was examined by Western blot. (G, H) The wound healing or Boyden chamber assay was used to detect the migration or invasion ability of NL9980 cells with different treatments, respectively (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, Student’s t- test). Additionally, the silencing efficiency of ZEB2 by siRNA was examined by Western blot.
Discussion
Our group has been focusing on the molecular mechanism of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) development in recent years, especially devoting to the investigation of NSCLC metastasis. MiRNAs are involved in NSCLC pathogenesis and their expression profiles have been used to classify cancers [25], [26], [27]. Therefore, we expected that the dyregulation of metastasis-related microRNAs may facilitate the advanced progress of NSCLC. Miao LJ, et, al. found that miR-449c could inhibit the invasion of NSCLC cells by targeting c-Myc mRNA [28]. Also, Boning Liu, et al. reported that miR-26a may promote metastasis of lung cancer cells through activating AKT by targeting PTEN [29]. MiR-132, arising from the miR-212/132 cluster [30], has documented roles in the promotion of pancreatic cancer development via activating AKT signaling pathway [31]. However, the potential function of this microRNA in human NSCLC progression has few reports. In the present study, we are interested in the potential role of miR-132 in the metastasis of NSCLC cells.
In this study, we found that miR-132 was frequently down-regulated in highly metastatic NSCLC cell lines and tissue specimens. Thus, we supposed that miR-132 may be a novel tumor suppressor miRNA and its dyregulation may involve the advanced progress of human cancer. Besides, in the initial tumorigenesis, Shuyu Zhang and his colleague found that miR-132 exerted the low expression levels in primary pancreatic tumors and may be associated with the early development of human pancreatic cancer [13]. However, the potential role of miR-132 in the early progression of NSCLC still need to be further investigated. For the mechanism involving miR-132 down-regulation, Shuyu Zhang, et al. reported that the hyper-methylation in the promoter region was responsible for the reduced expression of miR-132 [13]. Accordingly, we speculated that this DNA modification might cause the alteration of miR-132 expression in human NSCLC.
Next, we investigated the function of miR-132 in NSCLC. Our data showed that the re-introduction of 132 dramatically repressed the cell migration and invasion of NSCLC cells in vitro. Therefore, our data suggested that the decreased expression of miR-132 may contribute to the metastasis of cancer cells and consequently facilitate the advanced development of human cancers like NSCLC. We further characterized ZEB2 as a functional target of miR-132 by luciferase reporter gene assays, RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. ZEB2/SIP1, as a member of the deltaEF-1 family of two-handed zinc-finger factors, is frequently expressed in a variety of human cancers, including pancreatic [31], breast [32], gastric [33], [34], renal [35], head and neck [36], glioma [37], hepatocellular [38], ovarian [39], squamous and non-small cell lung carcinomas [14], [15]. The important role of transcription factor ZEB2 has been strongly underlined in numerous papers, due to its function in inducing epithelial- mesenchymal transition (EMT) and facilitating the metastasis of cancer cells [37], [40], [41]. For instance, Nam EH, et al. reported that ZEB2 could induce EMT and invasion of human cancer cells via specifically repressing the expression of E-cateherin and up-regulating vimentin expression [42]. In addition, Cong N and his colleague found that down-regulated microRNA-200 family was able to promote EMT through wnt/β-catenin pathway by targeting E-cadherin repressors ZEB1/ZEB2 in gastric adenocarcinoma [33]. In the present study, we found that ZEB2 had a frequently high expression in metastatic NSCLC cells and clinical lymph node tissues. And ZEB2 was responsible for miR-132-modulated migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. Notably, we observed that E-cadherin or vimentin, the downstream effector of ZEB2, was also down-regulated or up-regulated by miR-132, indicating that miR-132 may exert functions in migration and invasion of NSCLC cells through modulating EMT. These in vitro data implied the necessary contribution of attenuated miR-132 in promoting cell metastasis in cancers. Recent studies revealed an mesenchymal- epithelial transition (MET) in metastases that allowed establishment of cancer cells in a remote site [43]. However, the potential role of miR-132 in this process still need to be further illustrated.
In summary, we investigated the role of miR-132 in NSCLC development. Our finding suggests that miR-132 may be a novel tumor suppressor miRNA. MiR-132 blocks the migration and invasion of NSCLC cells through targeting the EMT regulator ZEB2. Our data provide new insight into the mechanism responsible for the development of human NSCLC. Additionally, miR-132 may serve as a potential therapeutic candidate in the treatment of NSCLC.
Supporting Information
Table S1.
Primers used in the paper were listed.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091827.s001
(DOC)
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: JY. Performed the experiments: JY YL NF BL. Analyzed the data: JY LZ RC XL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: QZ. Wrote the paper: JY.
References
- 1. Jemal A, Bray F (2011) Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, et al (2011) Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 61: 69–90.
- 2. Chaffer CL, Weinberg RA (2011) A perspective on cancer cell metastasis. Science 331: 1559–1564.
- 3. Bartel DP (2004) MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell 116: 281–297.
- 4. Bartel DP, Chen CZ (2004) Micromanagers of gene expression: the potentially widespread influence of metazoan microRNAs. Nat Rev Genet 5: 396–400.
- 5. Chen CZ, Li L, Lodish HF, Bartel DP (2004) MicroRNAs modulate hematopoietic lineage differentiation. Science 303: 83–86.
- 6. Kim VN (2005) MicroRNA biogenesis: coordinated cropping and dicing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6: 376–385.
- 7. Wang QY, Tang J, Zhou CX, Zhao Q (2012) [The down-regulation of miR-129 in breast cancer and its effect on breast cancer migration and motility]. Sheng Li Xue Bao 64: 403–411.
- 8. Lin Y, Wu J, Chen H, Mao Y, Liu Y, et al. (2012) Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 is a novel target in micoRNA-195-mediated cell cycle arrest in bladder cancer cells. FEBS Lett 586: 442–447.
- 9. Wang J, Gu Z, Ni P, Qiao Y, Chen C, et al. (2011) NF-kappaB P50/P65 hetero-dimer mediates differential regulation of CD166/ALCAM expression via interaction with micoRNA-9 after serum deprivation, providing evidence for a novel negative auto-regulatory loop. Nucleic Acids Res 39: 6440–6455.
- 10. Suzuki H, Tokino T, Shinomura Y, Imai K, Toyota M (2008) DNA methylation and cancer pathways in gastrointestinal tumors. Pharmacogenomics 9: 1917–1928.
- 11. Yang D, Li T, Wang Y, Tang Y, Cui H, et al. (2012) miR-132 regulates the differentiation of dopamine neurons by directly targeting Nurr1 expression. J Cell Sci 125: 1673–1682.
- 12. Anand S, Majeti BK, Acevedo LM, Murphy EA, Mukthavaram R, et al. (2010) MicroRNA-132-mediated loss of p120RasGAP activates the endothelium to facilitate pathological angiogenesis. Nat Med 16: 909–914.
- 13. Zhang S, Hao J, Xie F, Hu X, Liu C, et al. (2011) Downregulation of miR-132 by promoter methylation contributes to pancreatic cancer development. Carcinogenesis 32: 1183–1189.
- 14. Peinado H, Olmeda D, Cano A (2007) Snail, Zeb and bHLH factors in tumour progression: an alliance against the epithelial phenotype? Nat Rev Cancer 7: 415–428.
- 15. Gemmill RM, Roche J, Potiron VA, Nasarre P, Mitas M, et al. (2011) ZEB1-responsive genes in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Lett 300: 66–78.
- 16. Comijn J, Berx G, Vermassen P, Verschueren K, van Grunsven L, et al. (2001) The two-handed E box binding zinc finger protein SIP1 downregulates E-cadherin and induces invasion. Mol Cell 7: 1267–1278.
- 17. Remacle JE, Kraft H, Lerchner W, Wuytens G, Collart C, et al. (1999) New mode of DNA binding of multi-zinc finger transcription factors: deltaEF1 family members bind with two hands to two target sites. EMBO J 18: 5073–5084.
- 18. Vandewalle C, Comijn J, De Craene B, Vermassen P, Bruyneel E, et al. (2005) SIP1/ZEB2 induces EMT by repressing genes of different epithelial cell-cell junctions. Nucleic Acids Res 33: 6566–6578.
- 19. Bindels S, Mestdagt M, Vandewalle C, Jacobs N, Volders L, et al. (2006) Regulation of vimentin by SIP1 in human epithelial breast tumor cells. Oncogene 25: 4975–4985.
- 20. Zhou Q, Wang Y, Che G, Zhu W, Chen X, et al. (2003) [Establishment and their biological characteristics of clonal cell subpopulations (NL9980 and L9981) from a human lung large cell carcinoma cell line (WCQH-9801)]. Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi 6: 464–468.
- 21. Li CY, Tan L, Zhang GJ, Li P, Tong C, et al. (2004) Transcriptional regulation of urokinase receptor in high- (95D) and low-metastatic (95C) human lung cancer cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 36: 405–411.
- 22. Liu H, Li Y, Liu B, Wu H, Wang J, et al. (2012) Cloning and functional analysis of FLJ20420: a novel transcription factor for the BAG-1 promoter. PLoS One 7: e34832.
- 23. Wang R, Wang ZX, Yang JS, Pan X, De W, et al. (2011) MicroRNA-451 functions as a tumor suppressor in human non-small cell lung cancer by targeting ras-related protein 14 (RAB14). Oncogene 30: 2644–2658.
- 24. Liu S, Li L, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, You X, et al. (2012) The oncoprotein HBXIP uses two pathways to up-regulate S100A4 in promotion of growth and migration of breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 287: 30228–30239.
- 25. Lu J, Getz G, Miska EA, Alvarez-Saavedra E, Lamb J, et al. (2005) MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers. Nature 435: 834–838.
- 26. Kang HW, Crawford M, Fabbri M, Nuovo G, Garofalo M, et al. (2013) A mathematical model for microRNA in lung cancer. PLoS One 8: e53663.
- 27. Sanfiorenzo C, Ilie MI, Belaid A, Barlesi F, Mouroux J, et al. (2013) Two panels of plasma microRNAs as non-invasive biomarkers for prediction of recurrence in resectable NSCLC. PLoS One 8: e54596.
- 28. Miao LJ, Huang SF, Sun ZT, Gao ZY, Zhang RX, et al. (2013) MiR-449c targets c-Myc and inhibits NSCLC cell progression. FEBS Lett 587: 1359–1365.
- 29. Liu B, Wu X, Wang C, Liu Y, Zhou Q, et al. (2012) MiR-26a enhances metastasis potential of lung cancer cells via AKT pathway by targeting PTEN. Biochim Biophys Acta 1822: 1692–1704.
- 30. Remenyi J, Hunter CJ, Cole C, Ando H, Impey S, et al. (2010) Regulation of the miR-212/132 locus by MSK1 and CREB in response to neurotrophins. Biochem J 428: 281–291.
- 31. Usova EV, Kopantseva MR, Kostina MB, Van’kovich AN, Egorov VI, et al. (2013) Expression of the ZEB2 gene in pancreatic stromal cells in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, pancreatitis, and normal state. Dokl Biol Sci 448: 61–64.
- 32.
Lee JY, Park MK, Park JH, Lee HJ, Shin DH, et al.. (2013) Loss of the polycomb protein Mel-18 enhances the epithelial-mesenchymal transition by ZEB1 and ZEB2 expression through the downregulation of miR-205 in breast cancer. Oncogene. In press.
- 33. Cong N, Du P, Zhang A, Shen F, Su J, et al. (2013) Downregulated microRNA-200a promotes EMT and tumor growth through the wnt/beta-catenin pathway by targeting the E-cadherin repressors ZEB1/ZEB2 in gastric adenocarcinoma. Oncol Rep 29: 1579–1587.
- 34. Dai YH, Tang YP, Zhu HY, Lv L, Chu Y, et al. (2012) ZEB2 promotes the metastasis of gastric cancer and modulates epithelial mesenchymal transition of gastric cancer cells. Dig Dis Sci 57: 1253–1260.
- 35. Henrion M, Frampton M, Scelo G, Purdue M, Ye Y, et al. (2013) Common variation at 2q22.3 (ZEB2) influences the risk of renal cancer. Hum Mol Genet 22: 825–831.
- 36. Chu PY, Hu FW, Yu CC, Tsai LL, Yu CH, et al. (2013) Epithelial-mesenchymal transition transcription factor ZEB1/ZEB2 co-expression predicts poor prognosis and maintains tumor-initiating properties in head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol 49: 34–41.
- 37. Qi S, Song Y, Peng Y, Wang H, Long H, et al. (2012) ZEB2 mediates multiple pathways regulating cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis in glioma. PLoS One 7: e38842.
- 38. Cai MY, Luo RZ, Chen JW, Pei XQ, Lu JB, et al. (2012) Overexpression of ZEB2 in peritumoral liver tissue correlates with favorable survival after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 7: e32838.
- 39. Wu Q, Guo R, Lin M, Zhou B, Wang Y (2011) MicroRNA-200a inhibits CD133/1+ ovarian cancer stem cells migration and invasion by targeting E-cadherin repressor ZEB2. Gynecol Oncol 122: 149–154.
- 40. Koopmansch B, Berx G, Foidart JM, Gilles C, Winkler R (2013) Interplay between KLF4 and ZEB2/SIP1 in the regulation of E-cadherin expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 431: 652–657.
- 41. Kurashige J, Kamohara H, Watanabe M, Hiyoshi Y, Iwatsuki M, et al. (2012) MicroRNA-200b regulates cell proliferation, invasion, and migration by directly targeting ZEB2 in gastric carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 19 Suppl 3S656–664.
- 42. Nam EH, Lee Y, Park YK, Lee JW, Kim S (2012) ZEB2 upregulates integrin alpha5 expression through cooperation with Sp1 to induce invasion during epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 33: 563–571.
- 43. Brabletz T (2012) EMT and MET in metastasis: where are the cancer stem cells? Cancer Cell 22: 699–701.