Figures
Abstract
Background
The coronary artery calcification (CAC) is clinically considered as one of the important predictors of atherosclerosis. Several studies have confirmed that endothelin-1(ET-1) plays an important role in the process of atherosclerosis formation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether big ET-1 is associated with CAC.
Methods and Results
A total of 510 consecutively admitted patients from February 2011 to May 2012 in Fu Wai Hospital were analyzed. All patients had received coronary computed tomography angiography and then divided into two groups based on the results of coronary artery calcium score (CACS). The clinical characteristics including traditional and calcification-related risk factors were collected and plasma big ET-1 level was measured by ELISA. Patients with CAC had significantly elevated big ET-1 level compared with those without CAC (0.5±0.4 vs. 0.2±0.2, P<0.001). In the multivariate analysis, big ET-1 (Tertile 2, HR = 3.09, 95% CI 1.66–5.74, P <0.001, Tertile3 HR = 10.42, 95% CI 3.62–29.99, P<0.001) appeared as an independent predictive factor of the presence of CAC. There was a positive correlation of the big ET-1 level with CACS (r = 0.567, p<0.001). The 10-year Framingham risk (%) was higher in the group with CACS>0 and the highest tertile of big ET-1 (P<0.01). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the big ET-1 level in predicting CAC was 0.83 (95% CI 0.79–0.87, p<0.001), with a sensitivity of 70.6% and specificity of 87.7%.
Citation: Qing P, Li X-L, Zhang Y, Li Y-L, Xu R-X, Guo Y-L, et al. (2015) Association of Big Endothelin-1 with Coronary Artery Calcification. PLoS ONE 10(11): e0142458. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142458
Editor: Gianfranco Pintus, University of Sassari, ITALY
Received: June 26, 2015; Accepted: October 20, 2015; Published: November 13, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Qing et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This work was partly supported by National Natural Scientific Foundation (81070171, 81241121), Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (20111106110013), Capital Special Foundation of Clinical Application Research (Z121107001012015), Capital Health Development Fund (2011400302), and Beijing Natural Science Foundation (7131014) awarded to Dr. Jian-Jun Li, MD, PhD.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Abbreviations: ET-1, endothelin-1; CAC, coronary artery calcification; CACS, coronary artery calcium score; CAD, coronary artery disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; BMI, body mass index; ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor inhibitor; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin A1C; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell
Introduction
Coronary artery calcification (CAC) has long been known as an important part of atherosclerotic process. Previous autopsy investigations have found a significant association between the presence of CAC and atherosclerosis burden [1]. Now we can detect the quantification of CAC by electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT) [2]. In recent years, the evidence has tremendously increased that the presence of CAC can give prognostic information for subsequent coronary events in individuals with or without cardiovascular disease (CVD) [3].
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a pleiotropic molecule best known for its action as the most potent vasoconstrictor currently identified [4]. Previous studies have demonstrated increased ET-1 expression in atherosclerotic arteries compared with normal arteries in human [5]. However, circulating ET-1 has a very short half-life (40 to 70 s) [6]and it may be grossly underestimated.
Big ET-1, the precursor of ET-1, is a peptide of 38 amino acids, which is cleaved by ET converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1). It has been reported that plasma big ET-1 has longer half-life and easier to be detected. Moreover, emerging evidence suggested that big ET-1 is a more accurate indicator of the degree of activation of the endothelial system[7]. So it has been more widely used than ET-1 in most clinical researches.
The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine whether plasma big ET-1 was associated with CAC in patients who had a manifestation of chest pain.
Subjects and Methods
Study design and population
From Feb 2011 through May 2012, five hundred and ten consecutive outpatients who had a manifestation of chest pain and underwent cardiac CT using a 64-slice multidetector CT scanner were included in the study. All of them were referred to our hospital for test of blood, echocardiography and elective coronary angiography. All the blood samples within 24 hours and CAC scan within 1 month were taken. And the other imageological examinations were taken in 48 hours after withdrawing of blood samples. Mean age of patients was 56 ±10 years and 350 of them were males.
Coronary arterial disease (CAD) was defined as ≥50% luminal diameter stenosis of at least one major epicardial coronary artery in elective coronary angiography. Hypertension was defined as a repeated blood pressure of ≥140/90 mmHg (at least two times in different environments) or the use of antihypertensive drugs. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was defined as a fasting serum glucose level of ≥6.99 mmol/L on multiple occasions or the use of treatment with insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents. Patients with a history of heart failure or cardiomyopathies, renal dysfunction, hepatic failure, hemolytic disorders, concomitant inflammatory diseases, neoplastic diseases, thyroid disease, acute infectious/inflammatory conditions, and a history of coronary revascularization (percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft surgery) were excluded from the study. Cardiovascular risk was assessed by Framingham risk score [8].
The study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki, and was approved by the hospital ethics review board (Fu Wai Hospital & National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China). Informed written consent was obtained from all patients included in this analysis.
Laboratory examination
Venous blood samples were obtained from each patient at baseline upon admission. Each blood sample was immediately placed on ice and then centrifuged for 20 minutes at 4°C. Plasma separation was subsequently performed at −4°C, and the samples would be tested in two hours after blood taking. Total cholesterol (TC) was measured by enzymatic methods and the levels of Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were measured using the Tosoh G7 Automate HPLC Analyzer (TOSOH Bioscience, Japan). The plasma big ET-1 level was measured using a highly sensitive and specific commercial sandwich enzyme immunoassay (BI-20082H, Biomedica, Wien, Austria). The levels of high sensitivity-CRP (hs-CRP) were determined using immunoturbidimetry (BeckmannAssay360, Bera,Calif.,USA).
All other included biomarkers were analyzed by standard hematological and biochemical tests. The patients were classified into 3 tertiles according to their plasma big ET-1 level: Tertile 1 included patients with plasma big ET-1 between 0.08 to 0.23 pmol/L, Tertile 2: 0.24 to 0.52 pmol/L, Tertile 3: 0.53 to 3.70 pmol/L.
Coronary angiography and Echocardiography
Elective coronary angiography was performed for all enrolled patients using the standard Judkins technique, and the results were analyzed by at least two interventional physicians, as in our previous study[9]. Only angiograms with visually smooth contours with no wall irregularities were considered to be normal. The patients underwent echocardiography and ventriculography for measuring the left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF).
Measurement of CACS
All computerized tomography scans were performed on a 64-row spiral CT scanner (Light Speed VCT, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) with a 0.35-second rotation time with a pitch of 0.16 to 0.22, tube voltage of 120 kV, and tube current of 200 to 550 mA. Patients with heart rates >70 beats/min were given 25 mg to 50 mg of metoprolol (Selokeen, AstraZeneca, Zoetermeer, the Netherlands) orally 1 h before scanning, unless they had known any contraindication for beta-blocker usage. All data sets were reconstructed using retrospective electrocardiography (ECG)-gated sequential scan during 40% to 80% RR interval. Data sets were used to a dedicated workstation (Deep Blue, ADW4.3, GE Healthcare). Calcium was defined as the presence of at least 3 contiguous pixels with a density 130 HU. The calcium score for each artery was the sum of calcium scores of the left main, left anterior descending, left circumflex and right coronary arteries according to the Agatston scoring algorithm [10].
Statistical analysis
All analyses were performed using the SPSS version 19.0. software program (Chicago, Illinois, USA). Continuous variables were expressed as means±standard deviation and categorical variables were expressed as frequencies with percentages. All continuous variables were checked with Kolmogorov–Smirnov normality test to show their distributions. Continuous variables with normal distributions were compared using the two-sample Student’s t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Continuous variables with abnormal distributions were compared using the Kruskall wallis test. For categorical variables, the Chi-square test was used.
The patients were grouped according to their plasma big ET-1 levels in three tertiles. We compared the risk factors for CAD and CAC between the big ET-1 tertiles. The relationship between big ET-1 and CACS, age, male gender, DM, hypertension, smoking status, serum creatinine, uric acid, TC, HbA1c, hs-CRP and LVEF were examined by Pearson's correlation analyses. A multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify variables with a significant independent association with absence of CAC. To assess the value of the Big ET-1 as a predictor for CAC, receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve was used. To determine the locally appropriate cut-off point for the Big ET-1, the Youden index (sensitivity+specificity−1) was calculated and the corresponding cut-off value for the highest Youden index was considered as the optimal cut-off value. Post-hoc analysis using the Bonferroni analysis was done to evaluate the p values for each pair of comparison (in the figures).
The alternative test hypothesis was built as two-sided for each statistical analysis. The tests were independent and so the experimentwise Type I error does not exceed 0.05 alpha levels. Significant univariate variables with P<0.05 were included in the multiple logistic regression analysis for odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Results
Baseline clinical characteristics
Baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients according to big ET-1 tertiles were shown in Table 1. Participants in higher big ET-1 tertile had elevated CACS (P<0.001, Fig 1). Patients in Tertile 1 (big ET-1 0.08 to 0.23 pmol/L) had a mean CACS of 31.7±109.7 (range:0–926.0, median:0). Patients in Tertile 2 (big ET-1 0.24 to 0.52 pmol/L) had a mean CACS of 159.0±270.7 (range:0–1376.0, median:26.3). Patients in Tertile 3 (big ET-1 0.53–3.70 pmol/L) had a mean CACS of 258.7±441.4 (range:0–3391.0, median:105.0).
Tertile 1: Patients with Plasma Big ET-1 level between 0.08 to 0.23 pmol/L; Tertile 2: Patients with Plasma Big ET-1 level between 0.24 to 0.52 pmol/L; Tertile 3: Patients with Plasma Big ET-1 level between 0.53 to 3.70 pmol/L.
Participants in higher big ET-1 tertiles were older, more likely to be smoking and associated with CAC, DM and hypertension. While they had elevated HbA1c, hs-CRP levels and low TC levels (Table 1; P<0.05 for tertile trend).
Big ET-1 and CAC
Positive correlation was found between big ET-1 and CACS (r = 0.567,P<0.001), age (r = 0.284,P<0.001), smoking status (r = 0.184,P<0.001), CAD (r = 0.387,P<0.001), DM (r = 0.142,P = 0.001), hypertension (r = 0.100,P = 0.025), HbA1c (r = 0.111,P<0.001) and hs-CRP (r = 0.138, P = 0.002, Table 2). Negative correlation was found between big ET-1 and LVEF(r = -0.164, P<0.001, Table 2). Comparison within the groups by Bonferroni post hoc analysis showed participants in higher big ET-1 tertiles had elevated CACS (P<0.001, Fig 1; Tertile 1 vs. Tertile 2, Tertile 1 vs. Tertile 3, Tertile 2 vs. Tertile 3, all P<0.001, S1 Table). Patients were stratified into the two groups according to the presence of CAC: CACS = 0 and CACS>0 for the purpose of examining whether big ET-1 is an independent predictor of CAC. In the univariate analysis (Table 3), age, gender, CAD, DM, hypertension, smoking, TC, HbA1c and big ET-1 were significantly correlated with the presence of CAC.
Controlled for major potential confounders which p-values are less than 0.05 in the univariate analysis (including age, gender, smoking, CAD, hypertension, TC, HbA1c, hs-CRP) and drugs which may affect plasma big ET-1 level (such as ACEI, ARB and statin), the tertiles of big ET-1 were analysised in the multivariate analysis by Cox regression model (Table 4). The final data suggested that, apart from several factors, big ET-1 was remained as an independent predictor for the patients with CAC (Tertile 2, HR = 3.09, 95% CI 1.66–5.74, P <0.001, Tertile 3 HR = 10.42, 95% CI 3.62–29.99, P<0.001).
Area under the receivers operating characteristic (ROC) curves (Fig 2 and Table 4) suggested that big ET-1, beyond lipid parameters and nonspecific inflammatory biomarkers, was a significant predictor for patients with CAC (AUC = 0.83, 95% CI 0.79–0.87, P<0.001). The optimal cutoff value for the plasma big ET-1 level for predicting CAC was 0.30 pmol/L, with a sensitivity of 70.6% and specificity of 87.7%.
ROC curves showed discriminatory power of baseline Big ET-1 and HbA1c on population with CAC.
10-Year Framingham Risk
To evaluate the value of the 10-year Framingham risk using combination of big ET-1 and CAC in our study, patients were divided into three subgroups according to plasma big ET-1 levels and CAC. Group A (n = 103): CACS = 0 and the levels of big ET-1 in Tertile 1; Group C (n = 163): CACS>0 and the levels of big ET-1 in Tertile 3; Group B (n = 244): the participants who were not in Group A and in Group C. Comparison within the groups by Bonferroni post hoc analysis showed the combintion of big ET-1 and CAC was a significant predictor for the 10-year Framingham risk. The 10-year Framingham risk (%) was 6.9±6.2 in group A, 10.5±8.0 in group B and 13.0±11.7 in group C (P<0.001, Fig 3; Group A vs. B, Group A vs. C, Group B vs. Group C, all P<0.001, S2 Table).
The risk is lower in individuals with both CACS = 0 and Tertile 1 of Big ET-1. Group A: CACS = 0 and Tertile 1 of Big ET-1; Group C: CACS >0 and Tertile 3 of Big ET-1; Group B: Others.
Discussion
The present study is the first clinical investigation to demonstrate the correlation between big ET-1 and CAC in patients without renal dysfunction. The data for the first time showed that plasma big ET-1 level was an independent risk factor for presence of CAC, and that Big ET-1 had a linear relationship with CACS. In addition, the Framingham risk scores were significantly lower in the individuals with both absence of CAC and lower levels of big ET-1 than that in the other groups which CACS>0 or had higher levels of big ET-1. Additionally, similar to previous studies, the results of our study indicated that age, sex and CAD were as independent predictive factors of the presence of CAC.
Vascular calcification, which was considered as a passive degenerative condition of aging previously, is currently characterized as an active biomineralization process, more akin to bone formation [11]. Pathologically, it is the deposition of apatite mineral in the intimal or medial layers of the vessel wall and is clinically seen in atherosclerosis, diabetes, chronic kidney disease and aging. In fact, there are two main types of vascular calcification have been reported: intimal calcification and medial arterial calcification. The former is related to coronary atherosclerosis, whereas the latter is not associated with lipid deposition or inflammation but metabolic disorders, such as uremia and DM. As we well known, CAC has long been known as an important part of atherosclerotic process and it occurs almost all stages of the atherosclerosis of coronary in autopsy investigations[12]. The progression of calcification may begin with microcalcification (≥0.5 μm), which is seen in the early stage of atherosclerosis [13]. According to the literature, CT can only identify calcification areas of 1.03 to 1.37 mm in size [14]. Therefore, microcalcification will not be identified by CT. Only once aggregation of calcium occurs in fibroatheromas can be identified by CT scan[15].
In recent years, the evidence has tremendously suggested that the presence of CAC can give prognostic information for subsequent coronary events in individuals with or without CVD [3]. In the 2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults, CAC was recommended for risk stratifying individuals at intermediate risk [16]. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) even showed that the CAC performed better than traditional risk factors as a predictor of events [17,18].
Although CAC has been regarded as a predictor of CV events, it remains unclear whether CAC is a benign or ominous finding. The clinical imaging studies conducted in patients with acute coronary syndrome have shown a higher proportion of non-calcified plaque compared with calcified plaque[19,20]. Serial studies have shown that severe calcified plaques are more resistant to change in atheroma burden compared with less calcified plaques[21]. Megan Coylewright et al. found that those with very high CACS (ACS high e with NREF_21" \have acute ischemic events compared to less severe disease (400–999)[22]. These findings support the concept that CAC is a part of healing process and confer stability to atherosclerotic plaques rather than the opposite.
ET-1, a peptide of 21 amino acid residues, is one of a family of three proteins encoded by distinct genes that also includes Endothelin-2 (ET-2) and Endothelin-3 (ET-3). ET-1 is regarded as one of the most potent endogenous vasoconstrictor so far[4]. It is the predominant isoform produced by endothelial cells and also expressed in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC), cardiac myocytes, macrophages, various neurons and other cells [23]. But ET-1 is unstable because it may be regulated by many factors such as Angiotensin II, nitric oxide, prostacyclin, shear stress, and drugs [24–26]. It has been reported that statin could significantly decrease the level of ET-1 in circulation [27]. Extensive studies indicate that ET-1 is one of the important pathogeneses of atherosclerosis. Increased expression of ET-1 has been found in atherosclerotic animal models [28]as well as in human atherosclerotic coronary artery[29]. It is bound to result in enhanced vasoconstrictor tone, increased inflammatory activity and elevated oxidative stress.
Since ET-1 and CAC were closely related to atherosclerosis respectively, the relationship between them is need of being confirmed. Although elevated ET-1 prompts endothelial injury or early atherosclerosis [30], it has not been regarded as a marker because of its unsustainability. CAC is considered as a part of the healing mechanism of atherosclerotic process. Whereas it only can be detected in the late stages of atherosclerosis due to the limitation of examination by CT scan [15]. Both of them have been shown to be highly predictive for the future CV events [18,31]. However, because of the nature of a special or limited mean of detection, alone as a predictive indicator remains controversial. Our data showed combination of big ET-1 and CAC had unexpected good predictive value.
Although there are few studies regarding the relationship between ET-1 and CAC, the positive correlation of ET-1 with the aorta or mitral valve calcification has already been confirmed. Wu SY et al. demonstrated endothelin content and mRNA were significantly increased in calcified VSMCs and calcified aorta in vivo[32]. In a histologic as well as histochemical study, Tuomas et al. found expression in human calcified aortic valves, the tissue levels of biologically active ET-1 was much higher than that of the normal ones [33]. Some studies have investigated the relationship between endothelial function and CAC. In the retrospective study, JING et al. demonstrated that the absence of CAC has a strong correlation with normal endothelial function in patients with non-cardiovascular disease and non-diabetes [34]. While Huang et al. reported that increased CAC strongly predicted endothelial dysfunction in patients with suspected CAD [35].
Although some studies have displayed the association of ET-1 or endothelial function with calcification, the underlying mechanisms of these relationships remain unclear. There are some proposed mechanisms. Firstly, ET-1 may cause artery calcification through its potential to promote VSMC phenotypes changed [36]. Essalihi R1 and his research group showed that an endothelin receptor antagonist could regress medial arterial calcification in a rat model produced by chronic warfarin treatment as early as in 2002 [37]. Moreover, ET-1 may accelerate artery calcification due to its ability of inducing VSMC apoptosis. The shear stress may upregulate the secretion of ET-1 and the increased arterial loading is further accentuated by the presence of ET-1, which will lead to VSMC apoptosis [38]. Finally, ET-1 may reduce the inhibitor of vascular calcification. Moe SM, et al. found the inverse relationship between serum fetuin-A and ET-1 coupled with the negative correlation of CACS with fetuin-A levels [39]. The study from Mustonen E, et al showed that ET-1 could decrease matrix Gla protein mRNA levels by 30% in myocytes[40].
There are several limitations in the present study. First, most of the study patients were admitted to assess their CAD risk and had symptoms of chest pain at the time of CT scanning. Therefore, our patient population was different from the general population to implicate our finding to general population. Moreover, our study did not permit the determination of causality due to a cross-sectional feature. Moreover, a single center source of patients may also be a limitation. Finally, the results from relative small sample size suggested that a large cohort study is needed.
Conclusions
In conclusion, the present data demonstrated that the plasma big ET-1 level was a valuable independent predictor of CAC in our study. The combination of big ET-1 and CAC is in good accordance with the Framingham risk score.
Supporting Information
S1 Table. Comparison the level of CACS between ET-1 tertiles.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142458.s001
(DOCX)
S2 Table. The10-year Framingham risk between groups.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142458.s002
(DOCX)
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: JJL PQ XLL. Performed the experiments: PQ XLL YLL. Analyzed the data: PQ XLL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YZ RXX YLG SL NQW. Wrote the paper: PQ YZ.
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