Abstract
Fangfang Tao1,*, Xinxin Tian2,3,* and Zhiqian Zhang3,4
1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Basic Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
2Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A and M University and Texas AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843-2128, USA
3Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine (TJAB), Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
4State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
*These authors contributed equally to this work
Correspondence to:
Zhiqian Zhang, email: [email protected]
Keywords: prostate cancer; LncRNAs; PCAT3; PCAT9; miR-203-SNAI2 axis
Received: September 26, 2017 Accepted: December 05, 2017 Published: January 12, 2018
ABSTRACT
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to be of great importance in the formation and progression of a wide range of human carcinomas including prostate cancer (PCa). Among them, PCAT3 and PCAT9 have been identified as two prostate tissue-specific lncRNAs and are up-regulated in PCa. However, their roles in the biological characteristics of PCa have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, our data revealed that knockdown of PCAT3 and PCAT9 suppressed cellular proliferation, invasion, migration, angiogenesis and stemness in androgen-dependent LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells. Strikingly, bioinformatics analysis predicted that both PCAT3 and PCAT9 transcripts had two conserved binding sties for miR-203. Meanwhile, dual luciferase report assays revealed that miR-203 could suppress the luciferase activities of reporter plasmids carrying the binding site of miR-203 on the mRNA of PCAT3 or PCAT9. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH) showed that miR-203 mimic reduced the expression of PCAT3 and PCAT9 both in LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells. We also noted that both PCAT3 and PCAT9 inhibited miR-203 expression and alleviated repression on the expression of SNAI2, a critical regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition directly targeted by miR-203. Functionally, silence of miR-203 or ectopic expression of SNAI2 attenuated the inhibitory effect of PCAT3 and PCAT9 knockdown on cell proliferation and migration in vitro, and xenograft growth in vivo. Taken together, our data suggested that the PCAT3/PCAT9-miR-203-SNAI2 axis may serve as a promising diagnostic and therapeutic target for PCa.
INTRODUCTION
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common epithelial carcinomas and the second leading cause of cancer-related death after lung cancer among men worldwide [1, 2]. Prostate carcinogenesis and progression are multi-step processes involving multiple genetic mutations and gene deregulation [3, 4]. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that deregulation of specific genes, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), is responsible for the pathogenesis and progression of PCa [5, 6]. Nonetheless, the cross-talk between miRNAs and lncRNAs in PCa remains poorly understood. Defining the mechanisms of miRNA-lncRNA network occurred in PCa will not only advance our knowledge of the nature of PCa, but also will help identify the therapeutic targets for the treatment of PCa.
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which belong to a class of non-protein coding transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides in length, have been implicated in various biological processes, including tumor development and metastasis and regulate protein expression at transcriptional, post-transcriptional and translational levels. A wide range of literatures have reported that aberrant expression of lncRNAs can be indicative of certain stages of PCa and plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of PCa. PCAT3, also known as PCA3, is one of the most specific prostate cancer diagnostic biomarker involved in controlling prostate cancer cell surviving and modulating androgen receptor signaling [7–10]. PCAT9, also known as PCGEM1, is also one of highly prostate-specific lncRNAs in PCa regulated by androgen [11–13]. However, the function of PCA3 and PCAT9 in prostate cancer progression, including migration, angiogenesis, and cancer-related stemness, has not been fully understood.
MiRNAs are a non-coding class of short single strand RNAs of approximately 20–24 nucleotides in length and post-transcriptionally repress target gene expression by binding to the 3′ untranslated regions (3′-UTRs) of protein-coding mRNAs. There is no doubt that miRNAs play essential roles in the regulation of a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including tumorigenesis. Growing functional evidence supports the critical role of miRNAs in the development of PCa. For example, tumor suppressor miRNAs, including let-7 family, miR-200 family, miR-203, miR-205, miR-15a/miR-16-1, miR-101, miR-449, miR-99 family, miR-126*, miR-145, miR-146a, miR-224, miR-330 and miR-34a, and oncogenic miRNAs, including miR-221, miR-222, miR-21, miR-32, miR-141, miR-18a and miR-125b, have been identified as prostate cancer-associated miRNAs [14–24]. miR-203 has been reported to be downregulated in prostate cancer and associated with cancer metastasis by targeting BMI1, LASP1, ZEB2 and SNAI2 [25–29]. Although broadly characterized as a tumor suppressor in PCa, to our knowledge, data on the upstream regulatory mechanism of miR-203 in PCa have not yet been well elucidated.
As a member of the SNAI/SLUG superfamily, SNAI2 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of different cancers. In PCa, SNAI2 promotes prostate cancer xenograft growth via modulating Cyclin D1 [30]. Meanwhile, SNAI2 knockdown in PCa suppresses the activity of cancer stem cells by reducing the expression of multiple pluripotent genes [31–33]. Several studies have also showed that the miR-203/SNAI2 axis plays a broad-spectrum role in various types of cancers [34–38]. However, the cross-talk among lncRNAs, miRNAs and SNAI2 in the formation and progression of prostate cancer has not been reported.
Importantly, lncRNAs have also been demonstrated to function as molecular sponges for miRNAs. For instance, Zhu M. et al. reported that lncRNA H19-miR-675 axis acts as a suppressor of prostate cancer metastasis by targeting TGFβ1 [39]. PCAT9 stimulates proliferation of osteoarthritic synoviocytes by acting as a sponge for miR-770 [40]. In the present study, we demonstrate that PCAT3 and PCAT9 regulates tumorigenesis, migration, angiogenesis, stemness and metastasis in prostate cancer via modulating the miR-203/SNAI2 axis. These findings provide a potential novel diagnostic and therapeutic target for PCa.
RESULTS
Silence of PCAT3 and PCAT9 suppresses cell growth, invasion and migration in LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells
The primary goal of this study was to determine the potential role of androgen-dependent lncRNAs PCAT3 and PCAT9 in PCa. To this end, we used LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells which are androgen-sensitive. Cells were transfected with PCAT3 or PCAT9 siRNA for 48 h prior to soft agar colony formation assay, MTT assay and transwell migration assay. Transfection efficiency was determined by quantitative RT-PCR (Figure 1A and 1B). As depicted in Figure 1C and 1D, loss of function of PCAT3 or PCAT9 led to significant decrease in LNCaP and 22Rv1 cell proliferation compared to the negative control. Similar observation was seen in the colony formation assay whereby the silence of PCAT3 or PCAT9 suppressed the clonogenic potential both in LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells (Figure 1E and 1F). In addition, down-regulation of PCAT3 or PCAT9 showed a significant reduction in cellular invasion and migration (Figure 2A–2C). Meanwhile, silence of PCAT3 or PCAT9 also obviously suppressed the expression of mesenchymal markers VIMENTIN and SNAIL and elevated the expression of epithelial maker E-CADHERIN both in LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells (Figure 2D). These findings indicate that PCAT3 and PCAT9 play a pro-oncogenic role in prostate carcinogenesis and progression.
Figure 1: LncRNAs PCAT3 or PCAT9 knockdown suppresses prostate cancer LNCaP and 22Rv1 cell proliferation. (A and B) Quantitative RT-PCR to detect the expression of PCAT3 and PCAT9 in LNCaP (A) and 22Rv1 (B) cells transfected with PCAT3 or PCAT9 siRNA. (C and D) The relative cell viability and growth rate of LNCaP (C) and 22Rv1 (D) cells transfected with PCAT3 or PCAT9 siRNA, which was determined by MTT assay. Data were shown as means ± SEM, n = 6. (E and F) Silence of PCAT3 and PCAT9 in LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells significantly decreased the soft agar growth and colony formation. Quantitation was performed by measurement of absorbance at OD570 for resolved crystal violet. Data are means ± SEM. n = 3.
Figure 2: Silence of PCAT3 or PCAT9 significantly inhibits migration of LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells. (A) Representative images to present cell migration ability for LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells transfected with control siRNA, PCAT3 siRNA or PCAT9 siRNA. Scale bar: 100 μm. (B and C) The cell migration ability was qualified by measurement of absorbance at OD570 for resolved crystal violet. Data are means ± SEM. n = 3. (D) Western blot analysis to determine the expression of E-CADHERIN, VIMENTIN and SNAIL in LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells transfected with PCAT3 of PCAT9 siRNA.
Silence of PCAT3 or PCAT9 suppressed tumor-driven angiogenesis and cancer-associated stemness in PCa
Tumor-driven angiogenesis and cancer stemness have been reported to be of great importance in tumor progression. Next, we examined whether knocking-down endogenous PCAT3 or PCAT9 expression in PCa could modulate vasculature formation of endothelial cells. LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells were transfected with control siRNA, PCAT3 siRNA or PCAT9 siRNA for 48 hours. Conditioned cell culture media were collected and added to HuVECs for vasculature formation assays. As shown in Figure 3A and 3B, vasculature formation were obviously reduced when stimulated with conditioned media from LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells transfected with PCAT3 or PCAT9 siRNAs, compared with control siRNA. In addition, SOX2, OCT4 and NANOG are transcription factors that play key roles in maintaining the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells and cancer stem cells. Western blot assay showed that silence of PCAT3 or PCAT9 decreased the protein levels of OCT4, SOX2, NANOG and VEGF in LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells, suggesting that PCAT3 and PCAT9 may modulate the properties of angiogenesis and cancer stem cells in PCa (Figure 3C and 3D). In addition, we also detected the expression of VEGF in the tumors with PCAT3 of PCAT9 siRNA transfection and found that silencing of PCAT3 or PCAT9 could significantly suppress the expression of VEGF (Supplementary Figure 1). These data further confirmed the critical role of PCAT3 and PCAT9 in aggressive PCa.
Figure 3: Loss of function of PCAT3 or PCAT9 in LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells reduced endothelial cell vasculature formation and suppresses stemness associated factors. (A and B) Vasculature formation assay (A) of HuVECs with conditioned media from LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells transfected with control siRNA, PCAT3 siRNA or PCAT9 siRNA. For vasculature formation assay, tube length (B) was measured with ImageJ software. Scale bar: 100 μm. (C and D) Western blot to determine the expression of NANOG, SOX2, OCT4 and VEGF in LNCaP (C) and 22Rv1 (D) cells transfected with control siRNA, PCAT3 siRNA or PCAT9 siRNA.
Reciprocal repression of PCAT3 and PCAT9 with miR-203 in PCa
To address the regulatory mechanism of PCAT3 and PCAT9 in prostate carcinogenesis and progression, we used the online software starBase v2.0 (http://starbase.sysu.edu.cn/) to identify the miRNAs potentially interacting with PCAT3 and PCAT9. StarBase v2.0 predicted that both PCAT3 and PCAT9 contain two conserved binding sequences complementary to miR-203 seed regions (Figure 4A and 4B). Meanwhile, the luciferase report assay demonstrated that miR-203 mimic reduced the luciferase activities of reporter plasmids carrying the binding site of miR-203 on the mRNA of PCAT3 or PCAT9, but the change was diminished in the mutant reporter (Figure 4C–4F), suggesting that miR-203 can function as a sponge to repress PCAT3 and PCAT9 in PCa. In our previous studies and some other literatures, the transcription factor SNAI2 have been reported to be a direct target of miR-203 in multiple cancers (Figure 4G). Herein, we also performed a luciferase report assay to determine the effect of miR-203 on SNAI2 expression in LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells. As expected, the luciferase report assay indicated that miR-203 mimic inhibited the luciferase activity of the wild type SNAI2 3′-UTR reporter (SNAI2 3′-UTR-WT), but no change was observed for the luciferase activity in the mutant reporter (SNAI2 3′-UTR-Mut) (Figure 4H and 4I).
Figure 4: Reciprocal repression of PCAT3 and PCAT9 with miR-203 in PCa. (A, B and G) Putative miR-203-binding sites in the mRNAs of PCAT3 (A) and PCAT9 (B), and the 3′-UTR of SNAI2 (G). The reporter constructs showed the wild type (WT) binding sites and the mutated sequences. (C, D, E and F) miR-203 mimic transfection suppressed the luciferase activities of reporter plasmids carrying the binding site of miR-203 on the mRNA of PCAT3 or PCAT9. (H and I) Luciferase reporter assays were utilized to examine the interaction between miR-203 and SNAI2 3′-UTR using reporters containing the 3′-UTR region of SNAI2.
Moreover, the expression of PCAT3 and PCAT9 was significantly decreased in cells transfected with miR-203 mimic, which was confirmed by qRT-PCR (Figure 5A–5D) and RNA-FISH (Figure 5E). Additionally, we found that the expression level of miR-203 was up-regulated in LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells transfected with PCAT3 or PCAT9 siRNA, compared with control siRNA (Figure 5F and 5G). Meanwhile, the protein level of SNAI2 was suppressed by PCAT3 siRNA and PCAT9 siRNA (Figure 5H and 5I). Therefore, we conclude that both PCAT3 and PCAT9 form a reciprocal repression regulatory loop with miR-203 to regulate prostate cancer proliferation and progression by modulating SNAI2 expression.
Figure 5: Both PCAT3 and PCAT9 function as decoys for the miR-203-SNAI2 axis. (A, B, C, D and E) Detection of PCAT3 and PCAT9 expression using qRT-PCR (A–D) and RNA-FISH (E) in LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells transfected with miR-203 mimic. Scale bar: 20 μm. (F and G). Semi quantitative-RT-PCR to detect the expression of miR-203 in LNCaP (F) and 22Rv1 (G) cells transfected with control siRNA, PCAT3 siRNA or PCAT9 siRNA. (H and I). Western blot to detect the expression of SNAI2 in LNCaP (H) and 22Rv1 (I) cells transfected with control siRNA, PCAT3 siRNA or PCAT9 siRNA.
PCAT3 and PCAT9 promote tumor cell proliferation and progression in PCa by sponging the miR-203-SNAI2 pathway
To further determine the role of PCAT3/PCAT9-miR-203-SNAI2 in prostate cancer proliferation and progression, rescue experiments were conducted. The groups were shown in Figure 6: control siRNA, PCAT3 siRNA, PCAT9 siRNA, PCAT3 siRNA plus control miRNA inhibitor, PCAT9 siRNA plus control miRNA inhibitor, PCAT3 siRNA plus miR-203 inhibitor, PCAT9 siRNA plus miR-203 inhibitor, PCAT3 siRNA plus pSIN empty lentivirus, PCAT9 siRNA plus pSIN empty lentivirus, PCAT3 siRNA plus pSIN-SNAI2 lentivirus or PCAT9 siRNA plus pSIN-SNAI2 lentivirus were transfected or infected into LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells to investigate their effects on cell proliferation. MTT assay indicated that inhibition of miR-203 or overexpression of SNAI2 significantly alleviated the suppressive effect of PCAT3 siRNA or PCAT9 siRNA on cell viability (Figure 6A and 6B). Moreover, transwell migration assay demonstrated that silence of miR-203 or SNAI2 overexpression rescued the migration ability of LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells suppressed by PCAT3 or PCAT9 siRNA (Figure 6C–6E). Similar observation was seen in the F-actin staining whereby the LNCaP cell shape in the groups control siRNA, PCAT3 siRNA + miR-203 inhibitor, PCAT9 siRNA + miR-203 inhibitor, siRNA + pSIN-SNAI2 lentivirus and PCAT3 siRNA + pSIN-SNAI2 lentivirus was more elongated than cells in other groups (Figure 6F).
Figure 6: The PCAT3/PCAT9-miR-203/SNAI2 regulatory axis regulates prostate cancer cell proliferation and migration. (A) MTT assay was performed to determine the cell viability of LNCaP (A) and 22Rv1 (B) in the indicated groups. (C, D and E) The cell migration ability in the indicated groups was determined (C) and qualified (D and E) using transwell migration assay. Scale bar: 100 μm. (F) Detection of F-actin using immunofluorescence in LNCaP cells with indicated treatment. Scale bar: 20 μm. Different letters above the bars indicate statistically significant difference with p < 0.05.
The PCAT3/PCAT9-miR-203-SNAI2 axis participates in the regulation of xenograft growth in PCa in vivo
To further delineate the in vivo function of PCAT3/PCAT9-miR-203-SNAI2 axis in PCa, xenograft tumor model were established in BALB/C nude mice. LNCaP cells were transfected with control siRNA, PCAT3 siRNA, PCAT9 siRNA, PCAT3 siRNA plus control inhibitor, PCAT9 siRNA plus control inhibitor, PCAT3 siRNA plus miR-203 inhibitor, PCAT9 siRNA plus miR-203 inhibitor, PCAT3 siRNA plus pSIN, PCAT9 siRNA plus pSIN, PCAT3 siRNA plus pSIN-SNAI2 or PCAT9 siRNA plus pSIN-SNAI2 were injected subcutaneously into the upper area of the hind limb. Once the tumors were palpable, measurements were performed each other day. As expected, xenografts transfected with PCAT3 or PCAT9 siRNA grew at a much slower rate than the control siRNA group (Figure 7A). Obvious reductions in tumor size and weight were observed at the termination of experiment (p < 0.01) (Figure 7B and 7C). In addition, the xenograft growth rate was significantly rescued by miR-203 inhibitor or pSIN-SNAI2 lentivirus. These results suggest the miR-203-SNAI2 axis may be of great importance in PCAT3/PCAT9 guided prostate tumor growth in vivo. In addition, the transfection efficacy and regulations among PCAT3, PCAT9, miR-203 and SNAI2 in the xenograft tissues were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR or immunohistochemistry (Figure 7D–7G).
Figure 7: The PCAT3/PCAT9-miR-203/SNAI2 axis controls xenograft growth of LNCaP cells in vivo. (A) Representative pictures of tumors from LNCaP xenografts in the groups of control siRNA, PCAT3 siRNA, PCAT9 siRNA, PCAT3 siRNA + control inhibitor, PCAT9 siRNA + control inhibitor, PCAT3 siRNA + miR-203 inhibitor, PCAT9 siRNA + miR-203 inhibitor, PCAT3 siRNA + pSIN, PCAT9 siRNA +pSIN, PCAT3 siRNA + pSIN-SNAI2 or PCAT9 siRNA + pSIN-SNAI2, respectively. (B and C) Tumor growth curve (B) and Tumor weight (C) of LNCaP xenografts in the indicated groups. Tumor volumes and weight represented as means ± SD. n = 6. (D–F) Quantitative RT-PCR to determine the average expression levels of PCAT3, PCAT9 and miR-203 in the tumors in indicated groups. (G) Representative images to show the expression of SNAI2 in the xenografts in indicated groups, which was determined by immunohistochemistry. Scale bar: 100 μm. a: control siRNA; b: PCAT3 siRNA; c: PCAT9 siRNA; d: PCAT3 siRNA plus control inhibitor; e: PCAT9 siRNA plus control inhibitor; f: PCAT3 siRNA plus miR-203 inhibitor; g: PCAT9 siRNA plus miR-203 inhibitor; h: PCAT3 siRNA plus pSIN; i: PCAT9 siRNA plus pSIN; j: PCAT3 siRNA plus pSIN-SNAI2; k: PCAT9 siRNA plus pSIN-SNAI2.
In summary, our data systematically show that the PCAT3/PCAT9-miR-203-SNAI2 axis play a pivotal role in tumorigenesis, migration, angiogenesis and stemness in prostate cancer (Figure 8).
Figure 8: Schematic representation to show the expression and function of the PCAT3/PCAT9-miR-203-SNAI2 axis in prostate cancer. Upon tumor development, a reciprocal suppression between miR-203 and lncRNAs PCAT3/PCAT9 regulates the transcription and translation of SNAI2. p53 mainly acts as a transcriptional activator and to a minor extent as a transcriptional repressor. The differential expression of PCAT3/PCAT9, miR-203 and SNAI2 leads to the induction of specific cellular processes, such as cell hyperproliferation, or epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis, which promote tumor growth and progression.
DISCUSSION
Our previous studies and some other literatures have demonstrated that the miR-203-SNAI2 axis play a pivotal role in tumorigenesis [34–38]. However, it remains unclear whether and how lncRNAs act as regulators of this axis. In the present study, we demonstrated that both PCAT3 and PCAT9 could function as sponges to modulate the effect of miR-203-SNAI2 axis in PCa. Functionally, inhibition of miR-203 or overexpression of SNAI2 alleviated the suppressive effect of PCAT3 siRNA and PCAT9 siRNA on PCa proliferation, migration and xenograft growth. These data established a novel lncRNA-miRNA-transcription factor regulatory axis in PCa. As the lncRNAs PCAT3 and PCAT9 are prostate-specific non-coding transcripts, we naturally propose that this regulatory axis is also tissue-specific which only exists in PCa. Supporting this hypothesis, we also determined the expression of PCAT3 and PCAT9 in several breast cancer cell lines and tissues and no detectable signals in the qRT-PCR result (data not shown).
As a male hormone, androgen is essential for the development of the prostate as well as prostate cancer. Androgen deprivation therapy is regarded as a basic treatment for aggressive prostate cancer. PCAT3 and PCAT9 have been reported to be predominantly expressed in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells and appear to be an essential component of androgen receptor (AR) signaling [7–11, 41, 42]. However, our unpublished data have demonstrated that the miR-203-SNAI2 axis play an important role in androgen-independent DU145 and PC3 cells. Herein, further studies will be needed to determine whether this axis is regulated by PCAT3 and PCAT9 in androgen-independent cells.
In addition, it is quite interesting to observe whether and how androgen modulates the PCAT3/PCAT9-miR-203-SNAI2 regulatory axis in PCa. Some literatures have shown that miR-203 and SNAI2 are related to androgen and involved in androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathways. For instance, Boll K et al. demonstrated that miR-130a, miR-203 and miR-205 jointly targeted several components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathways to interfere with progression to castration resistance [43]. Sun T et al. also identified seven miRNAs, including miR-221, miR-222, miR-23b, miR-27b, miR-15a, miR-16-1, and miR-203, which are differentially expressed in the androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells and the hormone resistant LNCaP-abl cells and hypothesized that these miRNAs may characterize certain subtypes of human castration resistant prostate cancer [44]. Wu K et al. have shown that SNAI2 is a unique androgen-regulated transcription factor and coordinates androgen receptor to facilitate castration resistance in prostate cancer [45]. In bladder cancer, SNAI2 mediated EMT has been reported to be critical for androgen-dependent metastasis [46]. In our future study, we will systematically elucidate the relationship between androgen and the PCAT3/PCAT9-miR-203-SNAI2 regulatory axis.
In our present study, it is the first time to demonstrate that the lncRNAs PCAT3 and PCAT9 play an important role in tumor-driven angiogenesis and cancer-related stemness. To support this conclusion, we examined the literatures about the relationship between androgen and tumor angiogenesis and stemness. It has been reported that angiogenesis is induced by elevated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF is regulated by many factors in the tumor microenvironment including lowered oxygen levels and elevated androgens [47]. Thus, the regulation and function of VEGF in the PCAT3/PCAT9-miR-203-SNAI2 axis were also illustrated in this study. On the other hand, prostate cancer stem cells are characterized by heterogeneity, including AR+ and AR-, which are reflected in their response to hormone treatment [48]. Herein, it is much meaningful to determine the function of PCAT3/PCAT9-miR-203-SNAI2 axis in different types of prostate cancer stem cells in our future study.
In conclusion, this study allows us to demonstrate that lncRNA, miRNA and transcription factor can form a cascading network in tumorigenesis. Most importantly, deciphering the molecular mechanisms for the PCAT3/PCAT9-miR-203-SNAI2 axis linked to prostate cancer initiation and progression is of great importance for developing new diagnostic and therapeutic method.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cell cultures
Two prostate cancer LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells were purchased from the American Typical Culture Center (ATCC; Manassas, VA, USA) and cultured in RPMI 1640 (Gibco, Carlsbad, CA, USA) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Beyotime, Shanghai, China). Cells were incubated at 37ºC in a humidified chamber supplemented with 5% CO2. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HuVECs) were purchased from Life Technologies (Carlsbad, California, USA) and cultured following the manufacturer’s protocols.
siRNA transfection
SiRNAs against PCAT3 and PCAT9 were synthesized by Riobio Technology (Guangzhou, Guangdong, China). The siRNA sequences were as follows: 5ʹPhos/rCrUrArGrCrArCrArCrArGrCrAr UrGrArUrCrArUrUrArCGG (si-PCAT3) and 5’Phos/rG rUrGrGrCrArArCrArGrGrCrArArGrCrArGrArGrGrGrA AA (si-PCAT9). Cells were transfected with siRNAs using lipofectamine RNAimax reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) following the manufacturer’s protocol.
Plasmid construction and lentiviral production
The open reading frame (ORF) of SNAI2 was obtained from the complementary DNA of DU145 cells and then cloned into the pSIN/EF1α-IRES-Puro lentiviral expression vector at the SpeI and EcoRI restriction sites. Lentivirus was produced by co-transfection of the pSIN expression vector, the packaging plasmid psPAX2 and the envelope plasmid pMD2.G into HEK-293T cells with Fugene HD (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). The primers used for cloning were as follows: 5′-GGACTAGTATGCCGCGCTCCTTCCTGGTC-3′ (pSIN-SNAI2, forward) and 5′-CGGAATTCTCAG TGTGCTACACAGCAGCCAGATTC-3′ (pSIN-SNAI2, reverse).
MTT assay to determine cell viability
Treated cells were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 2 × 103 per well. After an incubation for indicated periods, 20 μl MTT solutions (Beyotime; 5 mg/ml) were added to each well for 4 h at 37°C. Then, the culture medium was removed and 200 μl of DMSO (Beyotime) were added to each well, and the plate was shaken gently for 10 min. Absorbance at 570 nm was measured using an ELISA reader (Moecular Devices, Sunnyvale CA, USA).
Colony formation
Basic culture medium containing 0.6% agarose gel and 10% FBS was added to a 6-well plate and incubated at room temperature for 1 h. Forty hours after siRNA transfection, cells (5 × 103) were re-suspended in RPMI 1640 medium containing 0.3% agarose gel and 10% FBS, and seeded into the pre-treated 6-well plate, followed by incubation for 14 days to allow colonies formation. The colonies were then washed twice with PBS, fixed with 70 % ethanol and stained with 0.1% crystal violet, and then the pictures were taken under a dissecting microscope a microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Then, the stained crystal violet was resolved with 33% acetic acid and absorbance at 590 nm were determined. The data were performed in triplicate and showed as mean ± SD.
Semi-quantitative RT-PCR and qRT-PCR
Semi-quantitative RT-PCR and qRT-PCR were performed as previously described [38]. The primers have been listed in the Table 1.
Table 1: Primers used in this study
Primer names | Sequences |
|---|---|
PCAT3-forward | 5′-AGATTTGTGTGGCTGCAGC-3′ |
PCAT3-reverse | 5′-TCCTGCCCATCCTTTAAGG-3′ |
PCAT9-forward | 5′-GGTAGGCACGTGGAGGACTA-3′ |
PCAT9-reverse | 5′-TGCTTTTGTGGGTTTGTTCA-3 |
SNAI2-forward | 5′-ATGAGGAATCTGGCTGCTGT-3′ |
SNAI2-reverse | 5′-CAGGAGAAAATGCCTTTGGA-3′ |
specific RT primer for miR-203 | 5′-GTCGTATCCAGTGCAGGGTCCGAGGTATTCGCACTGGATACGACCTAGTG-3′ |
real time PCR, miR-203-forward | 5′-GTGCAGGGTCCGAGGT-3′ |
real time PCR, miR-203-reverse | 5′-GCCGCGTGAAATGTTTAGG-3′ |
real time PCR, U6-forward | 5′-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA-3′ |
real time PCR, U6-reverse | 5′-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3 |
PCAT3-binding site-1-forward | 5′-GACCGCGATCGCCCTTAAAGGATGGGCAGG-3′ |
PCAT3-binding site-1-reverse | 5′-CTTAGTTTAAACCGTAATGATCATGCTGTGTG-3′ |
PCAT3-binding site-2-forward | 5′-GACCGCGATCGCATCATCACATGAGACAGCAA-3′ |
PCAT3-binding site-2-reverse | 5′-CTTAGTTTAAACGTGGTGATACATCATTGGCA-3′ |
PCAT9-binding site-forward | 5′-GACCGCGATCGCTACTACGAGATGCACTGGGA-3′ |
PCAT9-binding site-reverse | 5′-CTTAGTTTAAACAATCATATTTGCACACAACG-3′ |
SNAI2-3′-UTR-forward | 5′-GACCGCGATCGCTGACAAATAAAGTCCAAAGGC-3′ |
SNAI2-3′-UTR-reverse | 5′-CTTAGTTTAAACAATCATGAAGCAAGTAAAGTCTC-3′ |
PCAT3-binding site-1-mut-forward | 5′-CGTTCATAACCAAATTGCCCTGTATTTCTAAC-3′ |
PCAT3-binding site-1-mut-reverse | 5′-CAGGGCAATTTGGTTATGAACGCACAGTTTAG-3′ |
PCAT3-binding site-2-mut-forward | 5′-AAGGTAACCTTTATCTGCCCTGTGGTGAGTGC-3′ |
PCAT3-binding site-2-mut-reverse | 5′-CAGGGCAGATAAAGGTTACCTTTGGGGATTTG-3′ |
PCAT9-binding site-1-mut-forward | 5′-CTGTCTCTGTAAAAGTGCCCTGTATTTACAAG-3′ |
PCAT9-binding site-1-mut-reverse | 5′-CAGGGCACTTTTACAGAGACAGAGAATTTCA-3′ |
PCAT9-binding site-2-mut-forward | 5′- AAAGAGATCATGAGGTGCCCTGGAGTGCACTG-3′ |
PCAT9-binding site-2-mut-reverse | 5′- CAGGGCACCTCATGATCTCTTTTCCCTCTGC-3′ |
SNAI2-3′-UTR-mut-forward | 5′-TTTTGCTGCCAATATTGCCCTGATCTGAAAAG-3′ |
SNAI2-3′-UTR-mut-reverse | 5′-CAGGGCAATATTGGCAGCAAAAAAAAATGTA-3′ |
Boyden chamber transwell migration and invasion assay
For invasion assay, 1 × 105 cells were suspended into 200 μl of culture medium with 1% FBS and seeded into the upper chamber of a 24-well transwell insert (8 μm; BD Biosciences) pre-coated with 25 μl of growth-factor reduced matrigel (diluted into three volumes of serum-free culture medium). For migration assay, 5 × 104 suspended cells were plated in the top chamber of a 24-well insert without pre-treatment. For both assays, fresh culture medium with 10% FBS was added into the lower chamber. After 24 h, the invaded or migrated cells were stained with 0.1% crystal violet and ten photographs were taken randomly for each sample. The stained crystal violet was resolved with 200 μl of 0.05 mM sodium citrate and 0.05 mM citric acid in 50% ethanol and measured at OD570 using an ELISA reader.
Western blot analysis
Western blot analysis was performed as previously described [38]. The antibodies were as follows: anti-SNAI2 (Abcam, ab27568), anti-NANOG (Cell signaling technology, #3580), anti-SOX2 (Abcam, ab97959), anti-OCT4 (Cell signaling technology, #2750).
Endothelial cell vasculature formation assay
Treated cells were seeded in 6-well dishes and cultured in 2 ml of medium containing 1% serum for another 48 hours to reach 100% confluence. Conditioned media were then collected, centrifuged at 1500 rpm/min, and the supernatant was used for endothelial cell vasculature formation assay. HuVECs (1 × 105 per well) were seeded into a 24-well plate pre-coated with growth-factor reduced matrigel (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA). After cultured for 8 hours with conditioned media, the tube structures were captured under the microscope (Olympus), and the extent of vasculature formation was qualified by measuring the cumulative tube length in a 10× field using ImageJ software. Five fields were examined to detect cell vasculature formation ability.
Plasmid construction and Luciferase report assay
cDNA fragments of PCAT3 and PCAT9 and 3′-UTR fragment of SNAI2 with miR-203 binding sites were amplified from the cDNA and genomic DNA of LNCaP cells respectively and cloned into the downstream of the Renilla luciferase gene of the psiCHECK-2 vector (Promega, Fitchburg, WI, USA) at SgfI or PmeI sites. These constructs were then mutated using the Site-Directed Mutagenesis System (Beyotime) according to the manufacturer’s protocols. The primers used for cloning and site directed mutagenesis are listed in Table 1.
Immunofluorescence assay
Immunofluorescence was performed as previously described [49]. RNA-FISH RNA-FISH was performed as previously described [50].
In vivo experiment
All animal experiments were performed with the approval of the Animal Care and Use Center of TJAB. Male 4–6 weeks old BALB/c nude mice were used in this experiment. 1 × 107 of LNCaP cells in the indicated groups (6 mice per group) were resuspended in PBS with 50% matrigel and subcutaneously injected to the back of the right lower limb. six mice were performed in each group. Tumor volumes were measured each other day after palpable tumors appeared. At 32 days post injection, mice were sacrificed, and tumors were surgically isolated, weighed and photographed.
Statistical analysis
GraphPad Prism was applied for statistical analysis, which was determined with Student t-test. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. Asterisks in the figures represent as follow: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001.
Abbreviations
Long non-coding RNA, lncRNA; Prostate cancer, PCa; Quantitative RT-PCR, qRT-PCR; RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization, RNA-FISH; MicroRNA, miRNA; 3′ untranslated regions, 3′-UTRs; Fetal bovine serum, FBS; Human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HuVEC; Androgen receptor, AR; Mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK; Vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF.
Author contributions
ZZ designed the study. FT, XT and ZZ performed the experiments. ZZ and FT analyzed the data. ZZ and XT wrote the manuscript.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND FUNDING
This study was supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Grant (2015M581292), Zhejiang Provincial Public Welfare Projects (2016C37056) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (81302896).
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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