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Article

Biological Activity and Molecular Structures of Bis(benzimidazole) and Trithiocyanurate Complexes

by
Pavel Kopel
1,2,*,
Dorota Wawrzak
3,
Vratislav Langer
4,
Kristyna Cihalova
1,2,
Dagmar Chudobova
1,2,
Radek Vesely
5,
Vojtech Adam
1,2 and
Rene Kizek
1,2
1
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno CZ-613 00, Czech Republic
2
Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, Brno CZ-616 00, Czech Republic
3
Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, Jan Dlugosz University of Czestochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Czestochowa PL-42-201, Poland
4
Environmental Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden
5
Department of Traumatology at the Medical Faculty, Masaryk University and Trauma Hospital of Brno, Ponavka 6, Brno CZ-662 50, Czech Republic
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2015, 20(6), 10360-10376; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules200610360
Submission received: 31 March 2015 / Revised: 22 May 2015 / Accepted: 29 May 2015 / Published: 4 June 2015
(This article belongs to the Section Organic Chemistry)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
1-(1H-Benzimidazol-2-yl)-N-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)methanamine (abb) and 2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethylsulfanylmethyl)-1H-benzimidazole (tbb) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis. These bis(benzimidazoles) have been further used in combination with trithiocyanuric acid for the preparation of complexes. The crystal and molecular structures of two of them have been solved. Each nickel atom in the structure of trinuclear complex [Ni3(abb)3(H2O)3(μ-ttc)](ClO4)3·3H2O·EtOH (1), where ttcH3 = trithiocyanuric acid, is coordinated with three N atoms of abb, the N,S donor set of ttc anion and an oxygen of a water molecule. The crystal of [(tbbH2)(ttcH2)2(ttcH3)(H2O)] (2) is composed of a protonated bis(benzimidazole), two ttcH2 anions, ttcH3 and water. The structure is stabilized by a network of hydrogen bonds. These compounds were primarily synthesized for their potential antimicrobial activity and hence their possible use in the treatment of infections caused by bacteria or yeasts (fungi). The antimicrobial and antifungal activity of the prepared compounds have been evaluated on a wide spectrum of bacterial and yeast strains and clinical specimens isolated from patients with infectious wounds and the best antimicrobial properties were observed in strains after the use of ligand abb and complex 1, when at least 80% growth inhibition was achieved.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Heterocyclic compounds are very often used in the development of novel drugs with new mechanisms of action. Among heterocyclic compounds, arylaziridines [1] and benzimidazole derivatives have very important role because of their wide spectrum of biological activities. Benzimidazole and its derivatives are reported to be physiologically and pharmacologically active and some applications are found in the treatment of several diseases including epilepsy, diabetes and infertility. These compounds show a wide range of biological activities like antibacterial, antifungal, antitubercular [2], antimalarial [3], anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiamoebic [4] antihistamine [5], antiulcerative, antioxidant [6,7], antiproliferative [8], antihypertensive [9], antiallergic [10], antitumor [11,12,13], antikinase and anti-HIV-1 properties [14]. Some benzimidazoles have also been evaluated as cholinesterase inhibitors [15,16] and drugs against parasites [17,18].
Trithiocyanuric acid (ttcH3), also referred as trimercaptotriazine, has a symmetric structure with three nitrogen atoms and three sulphur atoms in a ring (see Figure 1). These donor atoms can be used for coordination to central atoms and can also form bridges among central atoms. Trithiocyanuric acid is used as remediation agent for the removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewaters [19,20]. A very important application of ttcNa3 is the removal of residual palladium from reaction mixtures, especially in drug production [21,22]. It was also applied in plating processes, in the production of composite materials containing metals and rubbers and as an anticorrosion agent [23,24].
The biological activity of trithiocyanuric compound was also evaluated as it can serve as a ligand of Toxoplasma gondii orotate phosphoribosyltransferase [25]. Trinuclear ruthenium complexes including [(Ru(L)2)3(μ-ttc)](ClO4)3 (L = phenylazopyridine) with proved tris-S,N chelating mode were characterized by Kar et al. [26,27]. The interactions of the trinuclear complexes with the circular and linear forms of p-Bluescript DNA show reduced ethidium bromide fluorescence on gel electrophoresis. Some very interesting polynuclear zinc complexes with macrocyclic ligands and ttc3− were studied by Aoki et al. [28,29,30]. The (Zn4(L4)3(ttc)4)12+ complex (L = cyclen = 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane), with a trigonal prism configuration is very stable in aqueous solution at neutral pH. The complex does not dissociate into the starting building blocks in the presence of Zn2+ binding anions such as phosphates and double-stranded DNA. The results of the competitive binding assays with ethidium bromide and calf-thymus DNA, thermal melting experiments, and gel mobility shift assays altogether indicated that the complex induced the aggregation of double-stranded DNA. The antitumor and antimicrobial activities were evaluated for Ni(II), Fe(II) and Mn(II) trithiocyanurate complexes [31]. The antitumor activity of the complexes was assayed in vitro against G-361 (human malignant melanoma), HOS (human osteogenic sarcoma), K-562 (human chronic myelogenous leukaemia) and MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) tumour cell lines. The IC50 values of the Fe(II) and Mn(II) compounds turned out to be lower than those of cisplatin and oxaliplatin. The complexes of Fe(II), Mn(II) and Ni(II) with a combination of a Schiff base, nitrogen-donor ligand or macrocyclic ligand and trithiocyanuric acid were prepared and their anticholinesterase activity was studied [32]. It was shown that the tested compounds inhibit cholinesterases and can be considered as potential drugs for Alzheimer’s disease or as prophylactics in the case of nerve agent exposure or poisoning by pesticides.
Molecules 20 10360 g001 550
Figure 1. Structural formulas of the ligands used and the complex cation [Ni3(pmdien)3(μ-ttc)](ClO4)3 (3). abb = 1-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-N-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)methanamine, tbb = 2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethylsulfanyl-methyl)-1H-benzimidazole, ttcH3 = trithiocyanuric acid in its thione and thiol forms.
Figure 1. Structural formulas of the ligands used and the complex cation [Ni3(pmdien)3(μ-ttc)](ClO4)3 (3). abb = 1-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-N-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)methanamine, tbb = 2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethylsulfanyl-methyl)-1H-benzimidazole, ttcH3 = trithiocyanuric acid in its thione and thiol forms.
Molecules 20 10360 g001
In this paper, we present the possible application of some bis(benzimidazole) (their formulas are given in Figure 1) and trithiocyanuric complexes in the treatment of severe and difficult to treat bacterial or yeast infections. The major aim of this study was to test the biological activity of these compounds on the commercially supplied microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and three bacterial strains isolated from patients from non-healing wounds infected by bacterial strains (Streptococcus agalactiae, Corynebacterium striatum and Serratia marcescens). For the microbiological testing, an already known and well characterized coordination compound, [Ni3(pmdien)3(μ-ttc)](ClO4)3 (3), where pmdien = N,N,N′,N′′,N′′-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, was also prepared according to published method [33]. The complex 3 has a similar structure (see Figure 1) to 1 and it was of interest to compare their biological activities. The successful preparation of the ligands was unambiguously proved by single crystal X-ray analysis of two compounds.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis and Characterization

Bis(benzimidazole) ligands abb and tbb were prepared by well-known methods. This method is time consuming but it gave good yields, especially in the case of tbb. The composition of both compounds was confirmed by elemental analyses and moreover by single crystal X-ray analysis of reaction product with nickel salt and ttcH3, respectively. The trinuclear complex [Ni3(abb)3(H2O)3(μ-ttc)](ClO4)3·3H2O·EtOH (1) was prepared by the reaction of nickel perchlorate, abb ligand and very slow addition of ttcNa3 in an ethanol‒water mixture. Previously, we used the same strategy for the preparation of similar trinuclear complexes just like in case of [Ni3(pmdien)3(μ-ttc)](ClO4)3 (3). Without the presence of terdentate ligand abb a polymeric poorly soluble precipitate should be formed. The perchlorate salt was shown to be a good counterion in preparation of bi- or trinuclear complexes. The composition of 1 was proposed on the basis of the elemental analysis and confirmed by single crystal X-ray analysis. The formation of co-crystals between organic compounds containing N, S or O atoms is well known. For example, Ranganathan characterized channel structures of melamine with ttcH3 [34] and recently co-crystals of N-donor ligands (4,4′-bipyridine, 1,2-bis-(4-pyridyl)ethylene, 1,7-phenanthroline) and ttcH3 were reported by Nagarajan [35]. In our work, we succeeded in preparation of [(tbbH2)(ttcH2)2(ttcH3)(H2O)] (2) co-crystals by reaction of tbb with ttcH3 in EtOH solution. The formation of 2 was also confirmed by X-ray structural analysis. The solubility of all compounds was checked. All the compounds are soluble in methanol, ethanol, DMSO and DMF and insoluble in water. For the biological testing and cyclic voltammetry measurements, the samples were dissolved in a small amount of DMSO and after that diluted with water. The higher amount of DMSO was used to dissolve abb, tbb and molecular crystals of 2. The crystals of 2 are more soluble in comparison with abb and tbb. The stability of coordination compounds 1 and 3 was proved by cyclic voltammetry measurements after 1, 2 and 3 days.

2.2. X-ray Structures of the Complexes [Ni3(abb)3(H2O)3(μ-ttc)](ClO4)3·3H2O·EtOH (1) and [(tbbH2)(ttcH2)2(ttcH3)(H2O)] (2)

The molecular structure of 1 is depicted in Figure 2, while selected bond lengths and angles are listed in Table 1. The crystal structure (see Figure 3) is stabilized by hydrogen bonds but hydrogen atoms belonging to water molecules were not resolved. The molecular structure of 1 consists of trinuclear nickel(II) complex, ClO4− anions, three crystal water and EtOH molecules. Three central nickel atoms are coordinated by three N atoms of abb, a water molecule O atom and the S,N-donor set of a ttc trianion in a deformed octahedral arrangement. The ttc trianion forms a bridge connecting the nickel centers. The bond lengths of the abb ring nitrogens to the central atoms are in the range of 2.041(3)–2.062(4) Å, abb chain Ns are in the range of 2.101(4)–2.121(3) Å and ttc N are in the range of 2.030(3)–2.047(3) Å, that is significantly longer bond lengths are observed for the Ni-N(abb chain). The Ni-S bond lengths are quite similar (2.5549(12)–2.5622(11) Å) and these lengths are much longer than Ni-S bonds found in pentacoordinated complexes [Ni(pmdien)(ttcH)] (2.3392(13) Å) [36] and [Ni3(pmdien)3(μ-ttc)](ClO4)3 (2.3821(9) Å) [33], respectively. A very complicated situation occurs in the heptanuclear complex [Ni7(pmdien)6(H2O)2(μ-ttc)3](ClO4)5·3H2O [37]. In this complex the central nickel atom is coordinated by three ttc anions only with Ni-S bond lengths in the 2.4663–2.4740 Å range. Two nickel atoms are hexacoordinated (three N atoms of pmdien, a water molecule O atom and the S,N set of ttc) with Ni-S lengths 2.4094 and 2.5150 Å, whereas the remaining four Ni atoms are pentacoordinated with shorter Ni-S bond lengths in the 2.3643–2.4032 Å range. A longer Ni-S bond (2.573(2) Å) was found in octahedral [Ni(dpta)(H2O)(ttcH)]·H2O, with terdentate dpta = dipropylenetriamine [38] and there is only an interaction with a Ni-S distance 2.665 Å in [Ni(taa)(ttcH)], where taa = tris (2-aminoethyl)amine [39].
Table
Table 1. Selected bond lengths (Å) and angles (°) for 1.
Table 1. Selected bond lengths (Å) and angles (°) for 1.
Ni1-N1B2.041(3)Ni2-N52.030(3)Ni3-N1F2.044(3)
Ni1-N12.047(3)Ni2-N1C2.056(4)Ni3-N32.043(3)
Ni1-N1A2.057(3)Ni2-N1D2.062(4)Ni3-N1E2.057(3)
Ni1-O12.102(3)Ni2-N222.101(4)Ni3-O32.100(3)
Ni1-N112.121(3)Ni2-O22.109(3)Ni3-N332.107(3)
N1B-Ni1-N1101.50(14)N5-Ni2-N1C99.59(14)N1F-Ni3-N3100.24(13)
N1B-Ni1-N1A159.97(15)N5-Ni2-N1D98.94(13)N1F-Ni3-N1E160.83(14)
N1-Ni1-N1A97.76(13)N1C-Ni2-N1D161.06(14)N3-Ni3-N1E97.92(13)
N1B-Ni1-O192.65(13)N5-Ni2-N22170.79(14)N1F-Ni3-O390.79(14)
N1-Ni1-O197.07(12)N1C-Ni2-N2280.76(15)N3-Ni3-O398.86(13)
N1A-Ni1-O190.41(13)N1D-Ni2-N2280.33(14)N1E-Ni3-O392.42(14)
N1B-Ni1-N1180.27(14)N5-Ni2-O296.53(12)N1F-Ni3-N3379.92(14)
N1-Ni1-N11165.69(14)N1C-Ni2-O290.31(13)N3-Ni3-N33163.52(14)
N1A-Ni1-N1179.71(14)N1D-Ni2-O291.45(13)N1E-Ni3-N3380.92(14)
O1-Ni1-N1197.03(13)N22-Ni2-O292.67(14)O3-Ni3-N3397.62(13)
N1B-Ni1-S689.81(10)N5-Ni2-S467.54(9)N1F-Ni3-S288.42(11)
N1-Ni1-S667.36(9)N1C-Ni2-S489.22(10)N3-Ni3-S267.60(9)
N1A-Ni1-S692.54(10)N1D-Ni2-S494.26(10)N1E-Ni3-S292.90(10)
O1-Ni1-S6164.40(9)N22-Ni2-S4103.30(11)O3-Ni3-S2166.03(10)
N11-Ni1-S698.56(10)O2-Ni2-S4163.73(9)N33-Ni3-S295.98(10)
Molecules 20 10360 g002 550
Figure 2. Numbering scheme of 1 with atomic displacement ellipsoids drawn at 30% probability level. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.
Figure 2. Numbering scheme of 1 with atomic displacement ellipsoids drawn at 30% probability level. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.
Molecules 20 10360 g002
Molecules 20 10360 g003 550
Figure 3. Projection of the contents of the unit cell along a-axis for 1.
Figure 3. Projection of the contents of the unit cell along a-axis for 1.
Molecules 20 10360 g003
The molecular structure of [(tbbH2)(ttcH2)2(ttcH3)(H2O)] (2) is depicted in Figure 4, while selected bond lengths and angles are listed in Table 2. The structure consists from protonated tbb, two ttcH2 anions, ttcH3 and a water molecule. The two benzimidazole rings of tbb form a sandwich-like structure probably due to π-π interactions. The crystal structure is stabilized by weak hydrogen bonds (see Supplementary Tables S1 and S2, and Figure 5). The tbb behaves as a strong base with hydrogen atoms on all nitrogens but from the molecular structure, it is seen that in the structure there are tbb and ttc planes connected through hydrogen bonds. The S-C bond lengths (1.810 and 1.828 Å) of tbb are in the range typical of a single bond. The C-N bond lengths in five membered rings close to the bridge are significantly shorter (in the 1.324–1.335 Å range) than the rest of bond lengths (range of 1.389–1.405 Å). The S-C bond lengths of ttcH3 are in the 1.635–1.666 Å range, whereas those of ttcH2− are in the 1.647–1.681 Å and 1.645–1.692 Å range, respectively. Similar S-C bond lengths were found in the structure of [Na(phen)3][(ttcH2)] [40] and [Fe(phen)3] (ttcH2)(ClO4) [41], where phen = 1,10-phenanthroline.
Molecules 20 10360 g004 550
Figure 4. Numbering scheme of 2 with atomic displacement ellipsoids drawn at 30% probability level.
Figure 4. Numbering scheme of 2 with atomic displacement ellipsoids drawn at 30% probability level.
Molecules 20 10360 g004
Molecules 20 10360 g005 550
Figure 5. Projection of the contents of the unit cell along a-axis for 2.
Figure 5. Projection of the contents of the unit cell along a-axis for 2.
Molecules 20 10360 g005
Table
Table 2. Selected bond lengths (Å) and angles (°) for 2.
Table 2. Selected bond lengths (Å) and angles (°) for 2.
S1-C1A1.810(4)S1C-C1C1.666(4)C8A-C3A-N1A106.9(3)
S1-C1B1.828(4)S2C-C2C1.635(4)N2A-C8A-C3A105.9(3)
C1A-C2A1.490(5)S3C-C3C1.648(4)C2B-C1B-S1111.4(3)
N1A-C2A1.332(5)S1D-C1D1.656(4)C2B-N1B-C3B109.4(3)
N1A-C3A1.405(5)S2D-C2D1.647(4)C2B-N2B-C8B109.8(3)
N2A-C2A1.335(5)S3D-C3D1.681(4)N2B-C2B-N1B109.0(3)
N2A-C8A1.389(5)S1E-C1E1.675(4)N1B-C3B-C8B105.9(3)
C3A-C8A1.404(5)S2E-C2E1.692(4)N1C-C1C-N3C115.0(3)
C1B-C2B1.485(5)S3E-C3E1.645(4)N2C-C2C-N1C113.5(3)
N1B-C2B1.331(5)C1A-S1-C1B101.20(18)N2C-C3C-N3C114.1(3)
N1B-C3B1.397(5)C2A-C1A-S1115.2(3)N1D-C2D-N2D113.5(3)
N2B-C2B1.324(5)C2A-N1A-C3A107.7(3)N2E-C3E-N3E113.4(3)
N2B-C8B1.392(5)C2A-N2A-C8A109.1(3)
C3B-C8B1.397(5)N1A-C2A-N2A110.4(3)

2.3. Biological Activity

The mechanism of the action of ligands or complexes on bacteria is very similar. When these compounds enter bacterial cells, they condense DNA to prevent DNA from replicating and cells from reproducing [42]. The basic mechanism of the action is therefore among others based on membrane protein inactivation, reduced transcription ability of mRNA into the vital cell proteins, inactivation of cytochrome b and consequent bactericidal activity [43,44].
The biological activity of nickel(II) perchlorate hexahydrate, nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate, the ligands abb, tbb, ttcNa3 and complexes 1–3 was studied. The results of the study are presented in Figure 6. The antimicrobial effect of ligands and complexes was tested on commercial Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) and on bacteria isolated from the infected wounds Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae), Corynebacterium striatum (C. striatum) and Serratia marcescens (S. marcescens).
Molecules 20 10360 g006 550
Figure 6. Testing of antimicrobial activity of 250 μg/mL concentration of ligands and complexes after 24 h of treatment on: (A) S. aureus; (B) E. coli; (C) S. cerevisiae; (D) S. agalactiae; (E) C. striatum; (F) S. marcescens.
Figure 6. Testing of antimicrobial activity of 250 μg/mL concentration of ligands and complexes after 24 h of treatment on: (A) S. aureus; (B) E. coli; (C) S. cerevisiae; (D) S. agalactiae; (E) C. striatum; (F) S. marcescens.
Molecules 20 10360 g006
The salts, ligands and complexes were applied in concentrations of 0; 3.9; 7.8; 15.6; 31.3; 62.5; 125 and 250 μg/mL on the three model organisms (representatives of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts) and the three bacterial strains isolated from the patient’s wounds and the effect was subsequently evaluated spectrophotometrically by decreasing the absorbance values in comparison with the control strains without the treatment. The highest inhibition of all tested organisms growth was observed after the treatment of ligand abb (S. aureus—97.8%, E. coli—94.4% and S. cerevisiae—86.0%, S. agalactiae—80.8%, C. striatum—93.8% and S. marcescens—95.5%) and complex 1 (S. aureus—99.2%, E. coli—99.8% and S. cerevisiae—94.0%, S. agalactiae—94.4%, C. striatum—99.6% and S. marcescens—88.7%), which has also in its structure the ligand abb (Figure 6A–F).
The eight increasing concentrations were also used to observe antimicrobial effect of each tested compounds for the statistical analysis of the viability of bacterial cells. The IC50 values were calculated from the absorbance measurements after the application of the concentration range in 24 h of measurements (Table 3). By these values, the previous results of antimicrobial activity were confirmed, the lowest IC50 values were observed in case of ligand abb and complex 1. The other low values of IC50 were caused by uneven inhibition after the increasing concentrations of applied components. The nickel salts did not inhibit the growth of the test organisms except for C. striatum. The growth of this bacterium was inhibited and the IC50 values 16.5 and 160.3 μg/mL were calculated for nickel perchlorate and nickel chloride, respectively.
Table
Table 3. Statistical calculation of IC50 by the STATISTICA software version 10.0 from absorbance values after the application of 0; 7.8; 15.6; 31.3; 62.5; 125 and 250 μg/mL concentrations of tested compounds.
Table 3. Statistical calculation of IC50 by the STATISTICA software version 10.0 from absorbance values after the application of 0; 7.8; 15.6; 31.3; 62.5; 125 and 250 μg/mL concentrations of tested compounds.
CompoundsIC50 (μg/mL) Measurement after 24 h
S. aureusE. coliS. cerevisiaeS. agalactiaeC. striatumS. marcescens
Ligand abb5.61921.422.430.826.7
Ligand tbb485.2182.3204.7126.1112.5122.6
Ligand ttcNa3625636.886.4119.5115.8123.9
Complex 14.823.715.421.424.327.2
Complex 2562.3257.664.3102.1119.561.5
Complex 31036.712.618.2113.4124.9110.4
The highest antimicrobial activity on all studied microorganisms was observed for abb and complex 1. The IC50 values are in these cases comparable although the synergistic effect of nickel and ligands in 1 must play an important role when we take in to account the amount of abb in the tested samples. When we compare the activities of abb and tbb, which only differ in the chain atoms in the middle (N or S), the activity of tbb is very low. The combination of tbb and ttc in complex 2 leads to a better activity against S. cerevisiae only, but the sodium salt of trithiocyanuric acid shows similar activity. The coordination compound 3 was prepared to compare the effect of ligands pmdien and abb, which are coordinated to central nickel atoms. The trinuclear complexes 1 and 3 are structurally very similar although nickel atoms in 1 are octahedral due to the presence of coordinated water molecules whereas the bulky pmdien ligand in 3 does not allow coordination of water and the nickel atoms are pentacoordinated. These changes in coordination modes and ligands also lead to different biological properties of the complexes. Complex 1 is active against all the treated microorganisms whereas complex 3 shows no activity against S. aureus, but it shows better activity against E. coli and similar activity against S. cerevisiae in comparison with 1.

3. Experimental Section

3.1. General Information

Safety note: Caution! Perchlorate salts of metal complexes with organic ligands are potentially explosive and should be handled with great care.
The chemicals and solvents were supplied by Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and used without further purification. The C, H, N, and S analyses were carried out on an EA 1108 instrument (Fisons Instruments, Rodano, Italy). IR spectra (400–4000 cm−1) were recorded with the help of a Tensor 27 FTIR spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) using KBr pellets. The absorption spectra in MetOH (230–1100 nm) were obtained on a Specord 210 UV/VIS spectrometer (Analytik Jena AG, Jena, Germany). The crystallographic data for the structures 1 and 2 has been deposited with the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre as supplementary publications No. 1033059 and 1033060. Copies of the data can be obtained, free of charge, on application to CCDC, 12 Union Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EZ, UK, (Fax: +44-0-1223-336033 or E-Mail: [email protected]).

3.2. Preparation of the Compounds

3.2.1. 1-(1H-Benzimidazol-2-yl)-N-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)methanamine (abb)

The ligand was prepared according to Matthews et al. [45]. Iminodiacetic acid (6.65 g, 50 mmol) and o-phenylenediamine (10.82 g, 100 mmol) were mixed in a solution of 18% HCl (100 mL). The solution was heated under reflux for 3 days. A green precipitate formed after cooling was dissolved after the addition of water (300 mL). The solution was stirred and ammonia (28%) was added until the pH of the solution became 9. During the addition of ammonia, a light brown precipitate was obtained. The precipitate was collected on a frit, washed several times with water and dried at 40 °C. Yield: 32.3%. Anal. Calcd. for abb·4H2O: C, 55.0; H, 6.6; N, 20.0; S, 0.0. Found: C, 55.0; H, 6.6; N, 19.5; S, 0.0%. IR (cm−1): 405w, 447w, 480w, 533w, 742vs, 767m, 876m, 1015m, 1110m, 1222m, 1273vs, 1310w, 1331m, 1438vs, 1454s, 1532w, 1623m, 2851m, 3055s, 3226s, 3368m. UV-Vis (MeOH/nm): 324, 378, 428.

3.2.2. 2-(1H-Benzimidazol-2-ylmethylsulfanylmethyl)-1H-benzimidazole (tbb)

The ligand was prepared according to Matthews et al. [45]. Thiodiacetic acid (15.02 g, 100 mmol) and o-phenylenediamine (21.63 g, 200 mmol) were mixed in a solution of 18% HCl (230 mL). The solution was heated under reflux 3 d. A green precipitate formed after cooling was dissolved after addition of water (500 mL). The solution was stirred and ammonia (28%) was added until the pH of the solution became 9. During the addition of ammonia, a light brown precipitate was obtained. The precipitate was collected on a frit, washed several times with water and dried at 40 °C. Yield: 32.3%. Anal. Calcd. for tbb·3/2H2O: C, 59.8; H, 5.3; N, 17.4; S, 10.0. Found: C, 60.1; H, 5.2; N, 17.2; S, 9.8%. IR (cm−1): 437w, 736vs, 844w, 1027m, 1129w, 1159m, 1226m, 1273s, 1313m, 1440vs, 1454s, 1535m, 1625w, 2784m, 2939s, 3059s, 3377m. UV-Vis (MeOH/nm): 290, 322, 340.

3.2.3. [Ni3(abb)3(H2O)3(μ-ttc)](ClO4)3·3H2O·EtOH (1)

The ligand abb (0.35 g, 1 mmol) was dissolved in EtOH (100 mL) and added with stirring to a solution of nickel(II) perchlorate hexahydrate (0.36 g, 1 mmol) in 10 mL of EtOH. This red solution was heated to boiling and after cooling ttcNa3·9H2O (0.13 g, 0.33 mmol) in water: EtOH (1:1) mixture was added with stirring. A light red solution was left for crystallization. After a week, grey green plate crystals suitable for X-ray analysis were collected. Yield: 64%. Anal. Calcd.: C, 38.9; H, 3.9; N, 15.4; S, 5.9. Found: C, 38.7; H, 3.5; N, 15.6; S, 5.7%. IR (cm−1): 430w, 627s, 764s, 913m, 1088vs, 1111vs, 1144s, 1239m, 1322w, 1338w, 1437s, 1454s, 1542w, 1624m, 2918m, 3064br, 3193br, 3381s. UV-Vis (MeOH/nm): 371, 492, 541, 585, 801, 997.

3.2.4. [(tbbH2)(ttcH2)2(ttcH3)(H2O)] (2)

The crystals of 2 were prepared by mixing tbb and ttcH3 ethanol solutions in 1:3 molar ratio. Yellow needle-like crystals suitable for X-ray analysis were obtained after a week. Yield: 75%. Anal. Calcd.: C, 35.6; H, 3.0; N, 21.6; S, 38.0. Found: C, 35.4; H, 3.1; N, 21.3; S, 37.7%. IR (cm−1): 457m, 665w, 746w, 782w, 1120vs, 1258w, 1296w, 1360s, 1541vs, 1574s, 1715w, 2522w, 2907m, 3039m, 3142s, 3444br. UV-Vis (MeOH/nm): 300, 341.

3.2.5. [Ni3(pmdien)3(μ-ttc)](ClO4)3 (3)

The complex [Ni3(pmdien)3(μ-ttc)](ClO4)3, where pmdien = N,N,N′,N′′,N′′-pentamethyldiethylene-triamine, was prepared according to Kopel et al. [33], by reaction of pmdien (0.2 mL, 1 mmol) with Ni(ClO4)2·6H2O (0.37 g, 1 mmol) in EtOH, followed by the addition of a solution of ttcNa3·9H2O (0.14 g, 0.33 mmol). Yield: 72%. Anal. Calcd.: C, 30.8; H, 6.0; N, 14.4; S, 8.2. Found: C, 30.4; H, 5.9; N, 14.1; S, 7.7%.

3.3. X-ray Crystallography

X-ray data of 1 and 2 were collected on a SMART CCD diffractometer (Siemens, Madison, WI, USA) with Mo-Kα radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å, graphite monochromator). The crystal was cooled to 173(2) K by a flow of nitrogen gas using the LT-2A device. A full sphere of reciprocal space was scanned by 0.3 steps in ω with a crystal-to-detector distance of 3.97 cm. Preliminary orientation matrices were obtained from the first frames using SMART [46]. The collected frames were integrated using the preliminary orientation matrix which was updated every 100 frames. Final cell parameters were obtained by refinement of the positions of reflections with I > 10σ (I) after integration of all the frames using SAINT software [46]. The data were empirically corrected for absorption and other effects using the SADABS program [47]. The structures were solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least squares on all |F2| data using SHELXTL software [48].
X-ray data of 1: Important crystallographic parameters are as follows: C53H48Cl3N18O19S3Ni3, wavelength 0.71073 Å, triclinic, space group Pī, a = 14.7409(7), b = 16.2290(8), c = 16.3145(8) Å, α = 103.367(1)°, β = 108.538(1)°, γ = 93.087(1)°, volume 3565.7(3) Å3, Z = 2, density (calc.) 1.509 Mg/m3, absorption coefficient 1.063 mm−1, F(000) = 1654, crystal size 0.42 mm × 0.32 mm × 0.08 mm, index ranges −19 ≤ h ≤ 19, −21 ≤ k ≤ 21, −22 ≤ l ≤ 22, reflections collected/independent 51144/18385 (Rint = 0.0648), data/restraints/parameters 18385/0/894, goodness-of fit on F2 = 1.027, final R1 (I > 2σ(I) data) = 0.0713, wR2 = 0.2059, final R1 (all data) = 0.0986, wR2 = 0.2259. The largest peak and hole on the final difference map were 2.900 and −1.379 e.Å−3.
X-ray data of 2: Important crystallographic parameters are as follows: C25H25N13OS10, wavelength 0.71073 Å, triclinic, space group Pī, a = 11.2463(10), b = 13.0425(12), c = 13.6109(13) Å, α = 74.757(2)°, β = 77.406(2)°, γ = 65.299(2)°, volume 1736.6(3) Å3, Z = 2, density (calc.) 1.614 Mg/m3, absorption coefficient 0.681 mm−1, F(000) = 868, crystal size 0.44 mm × 0.08 mm × 0.02 mm, index ranges −13 ≤ h ≤ 13, −15 ≤ k ≤ 15, −16 ≤ l ≤ 16, reflections collected/independent 18662/6149 (Rint = 0.0682), data/restraints/parameters 6149/0/448, goodness-of fit on F2 = 1.018, final R1 (I > 2σ(I) data) = 0.0558, wR2 = 0.1327, final R1 (all data) = 0.0832, wR2 = 0.1443. The largest peak and hole on the final difference map were 0.382 and −0.571 e.Å−3.

3.4. Biological Activity Testing

3.4.1. Cultivation of Commercially Supplied Bacteria and Yeasts

Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 8511), Escherichia coli (NCTC 13216) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 9763) were obtained from the Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University (Brno, Czech Republic). The strains were stored as a spore suspension in 20% (v/v) glycerol at −20 °C. Prior to use in this study, the strains were thawed and the glycerol was removed by washing with distilled water. The composition of cultivation medium was as follows: glucose 10 g/L, tryptone 10 g/L and yeast extract 5 g/L, sterilized MilliQ water with 18 MΩ. pH of the cultivation medium was adjusted at 7.4 before sterilization. The sterilization of the media was carried out at 121 °C for 30 min in sterilizer (Tuttnauer 2450EL, Beit Shemesh, Israel). The prepared cultivation media were inoculated with bacterial cultures or yeasts into 25 mL Erlenmeyer flasks. After the inoculation, bacteria and yeasts were cultivated for 24 h on a shaker at 600 rpm and 37 °C. The strains, cultivated under these conditions, were diluted by cultivation medium to OD600 = 0.1 and used in the following experiments.

3.4.2. Preparation of Hospital Samples and Their Cultivation

Cohort of Patients with Bacterial Infections

For the evaluation, patients with surface or deep infection severity were selected. The patients were with the age between 19 and 93 years. Enrollment of the patients into the clinical study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Trauma Hospital in Brno.

Collection of Wound Swabs from Patients with Bacterial Infections

Smears were collected from the infected wounds with the agreement of the patients. The smear was sampled by a rolling motion at the site of skin puncture using a sterile swab sampler. Subsequently, the swab was removed into a tube with a semi-solid transport medium (inorganic salts, sodium thioglycolate, 1% agar, activated charcoal) and carefully sealed and labeled. The marked tubes were immediately examined microbiologically.

Cultivation of Clinical Specimens

The isolation of bacterial strains was performed using selective blood agar. The swab samples were cultivated on blood agar with 10% of NaCl, blood agar with no other compounds [49], Endo agar [50] and blood agar with amikacin [51]. These Petri dishes were cultivated for 24–48 h at 37 °C. For the cultivation of all bacterial specimens TGY medium (glucose 1 g/L, tryptone 5 g/L, yeast extracts 2.5 g/L) was used.

3.4.3. Determination of Growth Curves

The procedure for the evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of tested compounds consisted in measuring of the absorbance using the apparatus Multiskan EX (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Vantaa, Finland) and subsequent analysis in the form of growth curves. Bacteria and yeasts were cultivated in GTY medium for 24 h with shaking and were diluted with GTY medium to absorbance 0.1 before analysis using a Specord spectrophotometer 210 at a wavelength of 600 nm. On the microplate, these cultures were mixed with various concentrations of four types of antibiotics (ampicillin, streptomycin, penicillin and tetracycline) or S. aureus alone as a control for the measurements. The concentrations of antibiotics were 0, 7.8, 15.6, 31.3, 62.5, 125 and 250 μg/mL. The total volume in the microplate wells was always 300 μL. The measurements were carried out at time 0, then each half-hourly for 24 h at 37 °C and a wavelength of 600 nm. The obtained values were analysed in a graphical form as growth curves for each variant individually.

3.4.4. Statistical Analyses

The software STATISTICA (data analysis software system), version 10.0 (Statsoft Inc. ed., Tulsa, OK, USA) was used for the data processing. The half-maximal concentrations (IC50) were calculated from logarithmic regression of sigmoidal dose-response curve. The general regression model was used to analyse differences between the combinations of the compounds.

4. Conclusions

In this work we present our results for bis(benzimidazole) and trithiocyanurate complexes and their use as antimicrobial agents in the treatment of bacterial infections. For these purposes bis(benzimidazoles) were synthesized and then further used for the preparation of coordination compound and molecular crystals. The X-ray single crystal analysis proved the structures of trinuclear Ni(II) complex and bis(benzimidazole)‒trithiocyanurate co-crystals. It was shown that these compounds are biologically active. Especially the ligand abb and the complex 1, where the ligand is coordinated, showed very good activities against the wide spectrum of commercially available bacterial and yeast strains (S. aureus, E. coli and S. cerevisiae) and clinical specimens from real patients with non-healing infections and complicated courses of treatment.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary materials can be accessed at: https://0-www-mdpi-com.brum.beds.ac.uk/1420-3049/20/06/10360/s1.

Acknowledgments

The financial support from the project CEITEC CZ.1.05/1.1.00/02.0068 is highly acknowledged. The authors thank Radek Chmela for his skilful technical assistance and Amitava Moulick for language correction. The authors thank Richard Sevcik for FTIR measurements.

Author Contributions

Pavel Kopel synthesized the ligands, participated in the design and coordination of the study and drafted the manuscript. Dorota Wawrzak prepared complexes and participated in paper preparation. Vratislav Langer characterized complexes using X-ray crystallography. Kristyna Cihalova and Dagmar Chudobova tested the biological activity of the compounds and participated in preparation of the manuscript. Radek Vesely took samples (smears) from the patients with bacterial infections. Rene Kizek participated in design and coordination of the study. Vojtech Adam participated in design of study and in drafting the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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  • Sample Availability: Samples of the prepared compounds are available from the authors.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kopel, P.; Wawrzak, D.; Langer, V.; Cihalova, K.; Chudobova, D.; Vesely, R.; Adam, V.; Kizek, R. Biological Activity and Molecular Structures of Bis(benzimidazole) and Trithiocyanurate Complexes. Molecules 2015, 20, 10360-10376. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules200610360

AMA Style

Kopel P, Wawrzak D, Langer V, Cihalova K, Chudobova D, Vesely R, Adam V, Kizek R. Biological Activity and Molecular Structures of Bis(benzimidazole) and Trithiocyanurate Complexes. Molecules. 2015; 20(6):10360-10376. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules200610360

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kopel, Pavel, Dorota Wawrzak, Vratislav Langer, Kristyna Cihalova, Dagmar Chudobova, Radek Vesely, Vojtech Adam, and Rene Kizek. 2015. "Biological Activity and Molecular Structures of Bis(benzimidazole) and Trithiocyanurate Complexes" Molecules 20, no. 6: 10360-10376. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules200610360

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