pISSN 2005-7806   eISSN 2005-7814
Open Access, Peer-reviewed, Bimonthly
    J Adv Prosthodont. 2011 Sep;3(3):145-151. English.
    Published online Sep 25, 2011.
    https://doi.org/10.4047/jap.2011.3.3.145
    © 2011 The Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
    Original Article

    The effect of immobilization of heparin and bone morphogenic protein-2 to bovine bone substitute on osteoblast-like cell's function

    Jung-Bo Huh, DDS, MSD,1,a Sung-Eun Kim, PhD,2,a Se-Kyung Song, DDS, MSD,3 Mi-Jung Yun, DDS, MSD,1 Ji-Suk Shim, DDS, MSD,3 Jeong-Yol Lee, DDS, PhD,3 and Sang-Wan Shin, DDS, PhD3
      • 1Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea.
      • 2Department of Orthopedic Surgery & Rare Diseases Institute, Korea University Medical Center, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
      • 3Department of Prosthodontics, Institute for Clinical Dental Research, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
    • Corresponding author: Sang-Wan Shin. Institute for Clinical Dental Research, Korea University Hospital 97 Gurodong-Gil, Guro-Gu, Seoul, 152-703, Korea. Tel. 82 2 2626 1922: Email: swshin@korea.ac.kr

      aThese authors contributed equally to this work.
    Received July 12, 2011; Revised August 07, 2011; Accepted August 09, 2011.

    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

    Abstract

    PURPOSE

    This study was performed to investigate the ability of recombinant human-bone morphogenic protein-2 immobilized on a heparin-grafted bone substrate to enhance the osteoblastic functions.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    The Bio-Oss®, not coated with any material, was used as a control group. In rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss® group, rhBMP-2 was coated with Bio-Oss® using only deep and dry methods (50 ng/mL, 24 h). In heparinized rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss® group, dopamine was anchored to the surface of Bio-Oss®, and coated with heparin. rhBMP-2 was immobilized onto the heparinized- Bio-Oss® surface. The release kinetics of the rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss® and heparinized rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss® were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The biological activities of the MG63 cells on the three groups were investigated via cytotoxicity assay, cell proliferation assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) measurement, and calcium deposition determination. Statistical comparisons were carried out by one-way ANOVA test. Differences were considered statistically significant at *P<.05 and **P<.001.

    RESULTS

    The heparinized rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss® showed more sustained release compared to the rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss® over an extended time. In the measurement of the ALP activity, the heparinized group showed a significantly higher ALP activity when compared with the non-heparinized groups (P<.05). The MG63 cells cultivated in the group with rhBMP-2 showed increased calcium deposition, and the MG63 cells from the heparinized group increased more than those that were cultivated in the non-heparinized groups.

    CONCLUSION

    Heparin increased the rhBMP-2 release amount and made sustained release possible, and heparinized Bio-Oss® with rhBMP-2 successfully improved the osteoblastic functions.

    Keywords
    Heparin; rhBMP-2; Osteoblast-like cell; Bovine bone

    INTRODUCTION

    It is important to maintain bone health as the bone plays a role in mechanical support, calcium storage, and RBC production. Accordingly, a variety of methods have been investigated for the restoration of bone defects in the oral and maxillofacial regions.1

    Biomaterials containing additional bone growth factors or BMP (bone morphogenic protein), including autogenous graft bone, or ceramics, are currently being used for the restoration of bone defects.2 Various substitutes are also being used, including mineralized frozen dried allograft, demineralized frozen dried allograft, coralline calcium carbonate, polylactide-polyglycolide copolymer, synthetic polymers, calcium sulfate, bovine bone, and hydroxyapatite.3

    Bio-Oss® (Geistlich, Wolhusen, Switzerland), an inorganic material produced from bovine bone treated with ethylenediamine and sterilized to remove organic materials such as protein, followed by sterilization, consists of calcium-deficient carbonate apatite. It has been used to fill any bone defect in the craniofacial and periodontal regions for a long time. It was reported that Bio-Oss® has not only superior biocompatibility but also can be sufficiently used as a scaffold for osteogenesis and osteogenic cells.1, 4, 5 However, it is known, that Bio-Oss® has poor osteoinduction. In addition, it was reported, that Bio-Oss® shows lower proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts compared to the other substitutes.6, 7

    Three important factors have been proposed as prerequisites for the stable treatment of the bone defect in the recent dental implanting: soluble molecular signals, response cells with corresponding cell surface receptors, and the extracellular matrix.8, 9 The molecular mechanism of such regeneration is caused by osteogenic proteins that belong to the TGF-β (transforming growth factor β) subgroup. Among those proteins, BMP has particularly drawn attention as a potent material inducing bone differentiation.10 There are more than 20 BMP subgroups, among which BMP-2 has been proven via preclinical and clinical studies to be useful for therapeutic purposes regarding to bone graft in dentistry.11, 12 BMP-2 promotes the proliferation of osteoblasts from mesenchymal stem cells by regulating the essential factors for the osteoinduction-regenerating bone structure, and enhances osteogenesis by assisting the biosynthesis of the bone matrix.13 Sykaras et al.14 reported that BMP-2 was effective in titanium implant osseointegration. Despite the successful use of BMP-2 in the enhancement of bone regeneration, BMP-2 has the disadvantages of high cost, need of large amount (1 mg BMP-2/mL defect), and short half-life in the body.15 To overcome the aforementioned problems, studies on the continuous and local release of BMP-2 using collagen gels, sponges, scaffolds, hyaluronic acid, and fibrin gels have been conducted.16-23 Such methods have various problems, however, such as failure in regulating the release amount, early and short-term release.24

    In this study, heparin was used to regulate rhBMP-2 release. Heparin, which is a highly sulfationized linear natural polysaccharide, has been known to have a binding affinity with various growth factors, such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β).25 Furthermore, heparin has been reported to regulate the release of such growth factors.26, 27 Many studies reported that the binding of BMP-2 with heparin on a titanium surface resulted in the continuous release of BMP-2 which resulted in an anti-inflammatory response and the reinforced function of the osteoblast-like cells.28-31 A study reported that the bone deposition and the amount of bone growth after six weeks implantation were higher in the BMP-2-coated implants than in the non-BMP-2-coated implants in the bone defects in rabbits. This effect was clearly reinforced by the surface modification of heparin.28 The surface modification of heparin by a collagen matrix enabled the long-term release of BMP-2 in a biomimetic model. In addition, the binding of rhBMP-2 and heparin on the thin apatite surface of the titanium which was suspended in the simulated body fluid after the base and heat treatments seemed to stimulate both the ALP activity and the expression of OCN mRNA in the osteoblast-like cells.29

    Accordingly, in this study, the surface of the Bio-Oss® bone substitute was modified with heparin and then was coated with rhBMP-2. Subsequently, a method that promotes osteoinduction for bone formation was explored, and its validity was assessed on a cellular level.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    Immobilization of rhBMP-2 on the heparinized Bio-Oss®

    The Bio-Oss®, not coated with any material, was used as a control group. In rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss® group, rhBMP-2 (Cowellmwdi Co., Pusan, South Korea) was coated with Bio-Oss® using deep and dry methods (50 ng/mL, 24 h). In heparinized rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss® group, to immobilize rhBMP-2 on the surface of the Bio-Oss®, the Bio-Oss® surface was coated with heparinized dopamine in advance. 2 mg/mL heparinized dopamine was dissolved in a 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) buffer, and then 100 mg Bio-Oss® was put into the Tris-HCl buffer solution, followed by reaction under blocked light for 24 h. After the reaction, the Bio-Oss® was washed with distilled water, freeze-dried, and then 50 ng/mL rhBMP-2 was immobilized on the heparinized Bio-Oss®. The heparinized Bio-Oss® (100 mg) was then put into a 0.1M MES (pH 5.6) buffer, and rhBMP-2 (50 ng/mL) was added to the buffer, followed by reaction at room temperature for 24 h.

    Assessment of the morphological characteristics of Bio-Oss®

    The Bio-Oss®, rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss®, and heparinized rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss® were morphologically analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM; S2300, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). The samples were coated with Pt using a sputter-coater (Eiko IB, Tokyo, Japan). The SEM was accelerated with 10 kV power before use.

    Release kinetics of rhBMP-2

    Each sample of rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss® and heparinized rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss® was put into an E-tube containing 1 mL PBS (pH 7.4) 0.02% sodium azide. Then the samples were reacted in an agitating incubator with 100 rpm, at 37℃. The supernant was collected in a specified interval and was replaced with a new buffer. The amount of BMP-2 in the collected supernatant was measured using an ELISA development kit (Pepro Tech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) in a microplate reader, at 495 nm.

    Cell culture

    Aliquots of human-derived MG63 osteoblast-like cells (KCLB, Seoul, South Korea) in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM), with added 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco BRL, Grand Island, NY, USA), 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin were loaded onto a 100-mm culture plate. They were cultured at 37℃ and 100% humidity while continuously supplying 95% air and 5% CO2. For the induction of osteogenic differentiation, they were cultured in DMEM (osteogenic medium) containing 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 µg/mL streptomycin, and 10% FBS, with addition of 100 nM dexamethasone, 100 µM ascorbic acid, and 10 mM β-glycerolphosphate.

    Assessment of cytotoxicity

    MG63 osteoblast-like cells were loaded onto a 24-transwell culture plate containing Bio-Oss®, rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss®, and heparinized rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss®, respectively, to have an aliquot of 5×104 cells in each plate. After culturing at 37℃ for 24 and 48 h, respectively, the plate was treated with CCK-8 (Dojindo, Tokyo, Japan) reagent for 1 h to assess the cytotoxicity of the samples. The culture media that was treated with the reagent was transferred into a 96-well plate, and its absorbance was measured with a microplate reader at 450 nm. Each group was cultured three times, according to time.

    Measurement of cell proliferation

    MG63 osteoblast-like cells were loaded onto a 24-transwell culture plate containing Bio-Oss®, rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss®, and heparinized rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss®, respectively, to have an aliquot of 5×104 cells in each plate. After culturing at 37℃ for 1, 3, and 7 days, respectively, the plate was treated with CCK-8 (Dojindo, Tokyo, Japan) reagent for 1 h to assess the cell proliferation of the samples. The culture media that was treated with the reagent was transferred into a 96-well plate, and its absorbance was measured with a microplate reader at 450 nm. Each group was cultured three times, according to time.

    Measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity

    MG63 osteoblast-like cells were loaded onto a 24-transwell culture plate containing Bio-Oss®, rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss®, and heparinized rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss®, respectively, to have an aliquot of 5×104 cells in each plate. Then the plate was cultured in DMEM culture media containing 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 µg/mL streptomycin, and 10% FBS, to which 100 nM dexamethasone, 100 µM ascorbic acid, and 10 mM β-glycerolphosphate were added for 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively. After culturing, the media was removed, and the cells were separated with trypsin-EDTA, followed by collection via centrifugation. The supernatant was removed, after which 0.2 mL RIPA buffer solution was added. The solution was suspended using a sonicator, and the cells were dissolved at 4℃. The dissolved cells were centrifuged, and p-nitrophenyl phosphate (p-NPP) solution was then added to the supernatant, followed by reaction for 30 min. Then the reaction was halted by adding 1N NaOH. The hydrolysis of p-NPP was measured with a microplate reader at 410 nm, and p-nitrophenol (p-NP) was used as a standard value. The protein concentration was measured using a Bradford protein assay reagent, and bovine serum albumin was used as a standard. The ALP activity was denoted as µM/min/µg protein. In each experiment, the activity was calculated as a percentage over the negative control. Each experiment was conducted three times.

    Measurement of calcium accumulation

    Human-derived MG63 osteoblast-like cells were loaded onto a 6-transwell culture plate containing Bio-Oss®, rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss®, and heparinized rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss®, respectively, to have an aliquot of 1×105 cells in each plate, followed by culturing for 21 days. After 21-day culturing, the media was removed, and the cells were washed with PBS. The cells were fixed in ice-cold 70% ethanol at -20℃ for 1 h. After removing the ethanol, the cells were stained with Alizarin red S (pH 4.2) at room temperature for 10 min. Alizarin red S was then removed, and the cells were washed with distilled water three times. The stained parts were photographed using an optical microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) for comparative analysis.

    Statistical analysis

    All the data were denoted as mean±SD. Statistical analysis was conducted using t test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA, Systat Software, Inc.) to determine the significance levels of the cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, and ALP activity for each sample (*P<.05, **P<.001).

    RESULTS

    Observation of the surface morphology of the Bio-Oss®

    The surfaces of the Bio-Oss®, rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss®, and heparinized rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss® were compared by SEM to observe their microstructures (Fig. 1). No difference in surface morphology was found.

    Fig. 1
    SEM images of the (A) Bio-Oss®, (B) rhBMP-2 (50 ng/ml)-Bio-Oss®, and (C) heparinized rhBMP-2 (50 ng/ml)-Bio-Oss®.

    Release kinetics of recombinant human-bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2)

    When the release kinetics of rhBMP-2 were observed in the rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss® and heparinized rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss®, rhBMP-2 was rapidly released in the rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss® group at an early stage. Meanwhile, more rhBMP-2 was released in the heparinized rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss® group than in the rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss® group. Furthermore, rhBMP-2 was continuously released during the two-week period, and approximately 20% of the original amount of rhBMP-2 seemed to be released after the two-week period, showing a tendency of continuous release. Therefore, rhBMP-2 was slowly and continuously released in the heparinized rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss® with the passage of time (Fig. 2).

    Fig. 2
    Release kinetics of the rhBMP-2-(50 ng)-Bio-Oss® and heparinized rhBMP-2-(50 ng)-Bio-Oss®.

    Assessment of cytotoxicity and cell proliferation

    When the cytotoxicity of the three Bio-Oss® groups was assessed, no cytotoxicity was found in the three groups when compared to the control group, where only MG63 cells were cultured for 24 and 48 h (Fig. 3). When MG63 cells were cultured in the Bio-Oss®, rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss®, and heparinized rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss® for 1, 3, and 7 days, and the cell proliferation was observed, no significant difference was found (Fig. 4).

    Fig. 3
    Cytotoxicity of the osteoblast-like cells (MG63 cells) grown on the Bio-Oss®, rhBMP-2-(50 ng)-Bio-Oss®, and heparinized rhBMP-2-(50 ng)-Bio-Oss®.

    Fig. 4
    Proliferation of the osteoblast-like cells (MG63 cells) grown on the Bio-Oss®, rhBMP-2-(50 ng)-Bio-Oss®, and heparinized rhBmp-2-(50 ng)-Bio-Oss®.

    Measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity

    When the ALP activity, which is a marker of the differentiation of osteoblast-like cells, was measured, the activity increased in the MG63 osteoblast-like cells which were cultured in the Bio-Oss® groups with rhBMP-2 (*P<.05) on day 7 after culture. The ALP activity increased more in the MG63 osteoblast-like cells cultured in the heparinized rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss® than in those cultured in the control and non-heparinized groups, which showed a significant difference on day 14 after culture (**P<.001). In addition, the ALP activity reached its peak in all three groups on day 14 after culture, and decreased in all three groups on day 21 after culture when compared to those of 14 (Fig. 5).

    Fig. 5
    ALP activity of the osteoblast-like cells (MG63 cells) grown on the Bio-Oss®, rhBMP-2-(50 ng)-Bio-Oss®, and heparinized rhBMP-2-(50 ng)-Bio-Oss® after 7-, 14-, and 21-day incubation.

    Assessment of calcium accumulation (Alizarin red S)

    The accumulation of calcium, an inorganic material that was deposited on the bone during ossification, was observed on day 31 after culture, calcium accumulation increased in the MG63 osteoblast-like cells cultured in the Bio-Oss® groups with rhBMP-2. Furthermore, calcium accumulation increased more in the MG63 osteoblast-like cells that were cultured in the heparinized group than in those that were cultured in the control and non-heparinized groups (Fig. 6). Therefore, it was confirmed that the heparinized substitute had a superior osteogenic ability.

    Fig. 6
    Alizarin-red-S staining of the osteoblast-like cells (MG63 cells) grown on the Bio-Oss® (A), rhBMP-2-(50 ng)-Bio-Oss® (B), and heparinized rhBMP-2 (50 ng)-Bio-Oss® (C) after 21-day incubation (scale bar = 20 µm).

    DISCUSSION

    When autogenous graft bone or other bone substitutes are used for bone transplantation, the new bone is formed through osteoconduction, osteogenesis, and osteoinduction. Osteoconduction is defined as the induction of bone formation in which bone substitutes act as a scaffold for bone formation. Osteogenesis is caused by bone-forming cells and a matrix directly provided from bone substitutes. Osteoinduction refers to the induction of osteoblast differentiation undifferentiated mesenchymal cells after the chemotaxis of substitutes on the undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in the host. BMP is associated with osteoinduction.32

    Bio-Oss® has been reported not only to have superior biocompatibility but also to be sufficiently used as a scaffold of osteogenesis and osteogenic cells, but it is known to have poor osteoinduction.1, 4, 5 Accordingly, the use of rhBMP-2 for overcoming the aforementioned problem has been investigated.

    As a growth factor with the best osteoinduction ability, rhBMP-2 has been intensively investigated, but its application to clinical practice was restricted due to its short half-life, rapid dissolution by body fluid, large-amount requirement, and high production cost. In this study, rhBMP-2 from E. coli (Escherichia coli) was used. RhBMP-2 can be produced on a large scale, unlike the BMP produced from the CHO cell used in previous studies. Therefore, rhBMP-2 has the advantages of cost-saving and mass production. Bessho et al.33 reported that when the aforementioned two rhBMP-2 were used, lower bone density was obtained from the rhBMP-2 produced from E. coli, and fatty marrow was formed. The efficacy and safety of the E. coli-derived rhBMP-2 (Cowellmwdi Co., Pusan, South Korea) used in this study, has been proven in many studies.34, 35

    For the establishment of an effective rhBMP-2 application system and an appropriate rhBMP-2 release amount for a sufficient period, the surface of Bio-Oss® was modified with heparin in this study, followed by the immobilization of rhBMP-2 on the surface. rhBMP-2 was successfully released from the heparinized rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss® for an extended period. The continuous release of growth factors, including various types of matrices, from heparin has been reported in many studies.27, 36, 37 Lin et al.37 reported that in an in vivo experiment, the ALP activity and calcified-tissue rate increased in the cells attached to the demineralized bone matrix, where heparin was crossly bound for the binding of rhBMP-2. From the results of the aforementioned studies, heparin can be considered as a suitable for the continuous release of growth factors material.

    In this study, cell proliferation increased more in the MG63 cells cultured in the rhBMP-2-immobilized groups than in those cultured in the groups without rhBMP-2, but the increase was not significant. On the contrary, Park et al.38 reported that cell proliferation significantly increased in the osteoblast-like cells cultured in the nanofibrous chitosan membrane with immobilized rhBMP-2 than in those cultured in the nanofibrous chitosan membrane without rhBMP-2. Therefore, it seems that the effect of rhBMP-2 on the proliferation of osteoblast-like cells is unclear.

    ALP activity and calcium accumulation have been widely used as markers of the early and late differentiation of osteoblast-like cells.39, 40 ALP activity was measured on days 7, 14, and 21 after culture. No significant difference in cell proliferation was found between the groups with immobilized rhBMP-2 and those without immobilized rhBMP-2. Meanwhile, the ALP activity was significantly higher in the groups with immobilized rhBMP-2 than in those without immobilized rhBMP-2 during the various culturing periods. Therefore, rhBMP-2 stimulated the differentiation of osteoblast-like cells. The ALP activity in all the matrices, however, was reduced slightly more on day 21 than on day 14. This means that the ALP activity reached the peak prior to the actual initiation of calcification.41 Furthermore, the aforementioned result showed that the ALP activity gradually decreased beyond day 14, whereas the calcium accumulation gradually increased. When the calcium accumulation was measured on day 21 after culture, it was increased in the MG63 osteoblast-like cells that were cultured in the groups with immobilized rhBMP-2, and increased more in the MG63 osteoblast-like cells that were cultured in the heparinized group than in those that were cultured in the non-heparinized group. The aforementioned results showed that the heparinized rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss® stimulated matrix formation and enhanced the functions of the osteoblast-like cells.

    In this study, the reactions were investigated on a cellular level. Therefore, the results of this study should be validated through animal experiments and clinical studies. Furthermore, considering the current unclear rhBMP-2 concentration standard, further studies are required to determine the optimal concentration and amount of rhBMP-2 in combined use with Bio-Oss®, via the application of rhBMP-2 with various concentrations.

    CONCLUSION

    When Bio-Oss® was treated with heparin and rhBMP-2 was then immobilized on the heparinized surface, Bio-Oss® showed successful functional improvement. Heparin increased the rhBMP-2 release amount and allowed sustained release. The heparinized rhBMP-2-Bio-Oss® successfully improved the osteoblastic functions.

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    MeSH Terms
    Alkaline Phosphatase
    Bone Substitutes
    Calcium
    Cell Proliferation
    Dopamine
    Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
    Heparin
    Immobilization
    Kinetics
    Osteoblasts
    Metrics
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